Scholarly Works - Geography
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Item Open Access Correcting miscoded male Textile Workers, Miners and Agricultural Labourers living in London in 1911 I-CeM.(2021-06-01) Rafferty, Sarah; Rafferty, Sarah [0000-0003-2286-3598]Item Open Access Sedbergh Schooldays 1955-1960Macfarlane, Alan Donald; Macfarlane, Alan [0000-0002-7675-0372]An account of life at a northern English boarding school.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Company Directors: Directory and Census Record Linkage, 1881-1911(2019-02-22) Van Lieshout, Carry; Bennett, Robert; Montebruno, Piero; Van Lieshout, Carry [0000-0002-3856-3701]; Bennett, Robert [0000-0003-3940-1760]; Montebruno, Piero [0000-0001-8010-7446]This paper describes how information on company directors has been identified in census records 1881-1911, and how this has been linked to director listed in the Directory of Directors (DoD). Record linkage is used to match DoD, achieving a 36% match rate overall for 18,200 directors. The paper also defines the coding of business sectors, locations, and roles played by the directors in each company.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Extracted data on employers and farmers compared with published tables in the Census General Reports, 1851-1881(2019-02-22) Van Lieshout, Carry; Bennett, Robert; Smith, Harry; Van Lieshout, Carry [0000-0002-3856-3701]; Bennett, Robert [0000-0003-3940-1760]; Smith, Harry [0000-0002-0961-9411]This paper compares published census tables for employers in England and Wales with extractions of individuals from the I-CeM and S&N sources. This is for non-farmers for 1851, and farmers for 1851-71, the only years that have published census tables for these data. The comparisons confirm a generally good match. Although there are some deficiencies possible from I-CeM/S&N data, the data are less ambiguous in definitions and more complete in some respects than achieved by published census tables, especially for larger firms and larger farms.Item Open Access Forging global movements: Education strategies for the US and Global South(ActionAid International USA & Just Associates, 2006) Marphatia, AA; Reilly, Molly; Marphatia, Akanksha [0000-0002-4277-435X]Item Open Access Accepted version Peer-reviewed The ecology of rape: the case of Stockholm, Sweden(SAGE, 2019) Ceccato, Vania; Li, Guangquan; Haining, RP; Haining, Robert [0000-0003-3462-7218]The objective of this article is to report the results of an ecological study into the geography of rape in Stockholm, Sweden using small area data. In order to test the importance of factors indicating opportunity, accessibility and anonymity to the understanding of the geography of rape, a two-stage modelling approach is implemented. First, the overall risk factors associated with the occurrence of rape are identified using a standard Poisson regression, then a local analysis using profile regression is performed. Findings show that accessibility, opportunity and anonymity are all, to different degrees, important in explaining the the overall geography of rape. The local analysis reveals two groupings of high rape risk areas associated with a variety of risk factors. The city centre areas with a concentration of subway stations, high residential population turnover and high counts of robbery; and poor suburban areas, with schools, where subway stops are located and where people express a high fear of crime. The article concludes by reflecting upon the importance of these results for future research as well as indicating the implications of these results for policy.Item Open Access Extraction of data on Entrepreneurs from the 1871 Census to supplement I-CeM(2018-09-06) Van Lieshout, Carry; Day, Joe; Bennett, Robert; Montebruno, Piero; Van Lieshout, Carry [0000-0002-3856-3701]; Bennett, Robert [0000-0003-3940-1760]; Montebruno, Piero [0000-0001-8010-7446]This paper describes how the database for entrepreneurs in the 1871 census was created and deposited for ESRC project ES/M010953. This project uses I-CeM as its main source. However, I-CeM does not cover England and Wales in 1871. This paper describes how data from an alternative supplier, S&N [theGenealogist.co.uk] was extracted and aligned with I-CeM to provide a full database for 1871.Item Open Access Accepted version Peer-reviewed From the teen to the Green revolution: American philanthropy and youth club work in Scandinavia(Elsevier, 2018) Nally, DP; Brooks, Chay; Nally, David [0000-0002-7769-3314]Established in 1923, the International Education Board (IEB) was a philanthropic organisation that aimed to sponsor and steer educational projects on a global scale. Extending the work of the General Education Board (GEB), which had organised development activities in the southern states of the USA, the IEB focused on improving the social and economic roots of society by supporting, on the one hand, scientific research (mainly through institution building and fellowships) while, on the other hand, funding and promoting rural modernisation through farm demonstration work. While the IEB's 'macro' programmes of institution building and fellowship creation have been capably studied, its role in developing rural capacities through 'micro' schemes of community development is much less well known. This paper therefore concentrates on farming education programmes trialled in the three Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Finland and Sweden. We argue that these village-level programmes of rural pedagogy, aimed at children and adolescents, were intended to inculcate new farming habits, dispositions and techniques to better synchronise young adults with the routines of scientific and industrial farming. Promoting youth club work, via farm demonstrations and home economics, the IEB aimed to reshape the social by directly engaging with the next generation of farmers in rural Europe. The precise targeting of teens, we finally argue, is indicative of a broader shift that saw agrarian reformers look beyond technics to the 'culture' within agri-culture, and in particular to the tactics that heighten youth receptivity and responsiveness. This deep interest in the 'how' of striving - by this we mean the actions, forces and intensities that spark human endeavour - was later refined and developed during the Green Revolution as villages and peasants across the globe were made the targets of philanthropic reforms. By inciting new embodied attachments and affective relations between youth and land philanthropists hoped to quell social upheaval and inject 'modern' entrepreneurial values into the countryside.Item Open Access Accepted version Peer-reviewed From the teen to the Green revolution: American philanthropy and youth club work in Scandinavia(Elsevier) Nally, David; Brooks, ChayEstablished in 1923, the International Education Board (IEB) was a philanthropic organisation that aimed to sponsor and steer educational projects on a global scale. Extending the work of the General Education Board (GEB), which had organised development activities in the southern states of the USA, the IEB focused on improving the social and economic roots of society by supporting, on the one hand, scientific research (mainly through institution building and fellowships) while, on the other hand, funding and promoting rural modernisation through farm demonstration work. While the IEB's 'macro' programmes of institution building and fellowship creation have been capably studied, its role in developing rural capacities through 'micro' schemes of community development is much less well known. This paper therefore concentrates on farming education programmes trialled in the three Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Finland and Sweden. We argue that these village-level programmes of rural pedagogy, aimed at children and adolescents, were intended to inculcate new farming habits, dispositions and techniques to better synchronise young adults with the routines of scientific and industrial farming. Promoting youth club work, via farm demonstrations and home economics, the IEB aimed to reshape the social by directly engaging with the next generation of farmers in rural Europe. The precise targeting of teens, we finally argue, is indicative of a broader shift that saw agrarian reformers look beyond technics to the 'culture' within agri-culture, and in particular to the tactics that heighten youth receptivity and responsiveness. This deep interest in the 'how' of striving - by this we mean the actions, forces and intensities that spark human endeavour - was later refined and developed during the Green Revolution as villages and peasants across the globe were made the targets of philanthropic reforms. By inciting new embodied attachments and affective relations between youth and land philanthropists hoped to quell social upheaval and inject 'modern' entrepreneurial values into the countryside.Item Open Access Accepted version Peer-reviewed Geography and indigeneity II: Critical geographies of indigenous bodily politics(Sage, 2018-06-01) Radcliffe, SA; Radcliffe, Sarah [0000-0003-1664-7944]In this, the second of three reports on indigeneity in geography, the focus is on the social differentiation within embodiments, subjectivities and social positionings within and across indigenous groups. Indigeneity is a social-corporeal positioning within socially-differentiated fields of power, history and relations with land and earth. As a consequence, geography focuses on temporally- and spatially-specific processes by which embodiments and epistemic positions are produced, expressed and diversified. Also significant are the ongoing relations of power at multiple scales that entail the production of indigenous bodies as the marked outcomes of colonial-modern distributions of harm. Taken together, these analyses suggest that the embodiment of indigeneity arises from colonial-modern mediations of intersectional social hierarchies, resulting in multifaceted patterns of differentiated agency.Item Open Access Accepted version Peer-reviewed Classification of environments of entrepreneurship: Factor analysis of Registration Sub-Districts (RSDs) in 1891(2018-08-24) Bennett, Robert; Smith, Harry; Radacic, Dragana; Bennett, Robert [0000-0003-3940-1760]; Smith, Harry [0000-0002-0961-9411]This paper discusses how census data for 1851-1911 can be used to classify the employment status of the economically active population within Registration Sub-Districts (RSDs) for England and Wales using a factor analysis methodology based on 1891 as a pilot for the other census years. Employment status in the 1891 census is given for (i) employers, (ii) those working on own account without employees, and (iii) workers.Item Open Access Adjustment Weights 1891-1911: Weights to adjust entrepreneur numbers for non-response and misallocation bias in Censuses 1891-1911(2018-08-30) Montebruno, Piero; Montebruno, Piero [0000-0001-8010-7446]This paper explains the use of weights to adjust the Censuses 1891-1911 for non-response and misallocation bias. The weights themselves are in a separate file available for download. The weights allow adjustment of observations to ‘correct’ values of when using data from I-CeM or the Entrepreneurs database at UKDA 1851-1911 developed from the ESRC project ES/M010953 Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses. The paper provides detailed documentation of how the data base should be adjusted and the weighted data interpreted. More detailed discussion of the difficulties that arise in these three censuses is provided in the paper by Bennett et al. (2018) to which this working paper is linked.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Discovery of a hypersaline subglacial lake complex beneath Devon Ice Cap, Canadian Arctic.(American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2018-04) Rutishauser, Anja; Blankenship, Donald D; Sharp, Martin; Skidmore, Mark L; Greenbaum, Jamin S; Grima, Cyril; Schroeder, Dustin M; Dowdeswell, Julian A; Young, Duncan A; Rutishauser, Anja [0000-0002-1819-8014]; Sharp, Martin [0000-0001-5299-7955]; Skidmore, Mark L [0000-0002-0806-0716]; Greenbaum, Jamin S [0000-0002-0745-7113]; Grima, Cyril [0000-0001-7135-3055]; Young, Duncan A [0000-0002-6866-8176]Subglacial lakes are unique environments that, despite the extreme dark and cold conditions, have been shown to host microbial life. Many subglacial lakes have been discovered beneath the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland, but no spatially isolated water body has been documented as hypersaline. We use radio-echo sounding measurements to identify two subglacial lakes situated in bedrock troughs near the ice divide of Devon Ice Cap, Canadian Arctic. Modeled basal ice temperatures in the lake area are no higher than -10.5°C, suggesting that these lakes consist of hypersaline water. This implication of hypersalinity is in agreement with the surrounding geology, which indicates that the subglacial lakes are situated within an evaporite-rich sediment unit containing a bedded salt sequence, which likely act as the solute source for the brine. Our results reveal the first evidence for subglacial lakes in the Canadian Arctic and the first hypersaline subglacial lakes reported to date. We conclude that these previously unknown hypersaline subglacial lakes may represent significant and largely isolated microbial habitats, and are compelling analogs for potential ice-covered brine lakes and lenses on planetary bodies across the solar system.Item Open Access Accepted version Peer-reviewed Mrs Stone and Dr Smellie: Eighteenth-Century Midwives and their Patients(Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2016) Davenport, Romola; Davenport, Romola [0000-0002-6828-9846]The first day of life is the most dangerous, and Bob Woods’ final book, co-authored with Chris Galley and published posthumously, explores the dangers for both mother and child with magnificent clarity and detail. The core of the book is a sustained consideration of case notes from a number of mid-wives and man-midwives from the seventeenth to early nineteenth centuries, that provides unprecedented insights into the practical aspects of delivery and obstetric practices that have been neglected in most academic research on midwifery. The detailed descriptions of difficult births leave the reader in no doubt of the high price exacted by the evolutionary trade-off between bipedalism and cranial capacity, and of the critical importance of skilled birth attendants in these cases. Nonetheless, in the English population and in London the risks of death for mothers, newborns and foetuses declined markedly over the course of the eighteenth century, and a central theme of the book is an ambitious attempt to relate obstetric practice as revealed by medical case notes to population-scale trends in maternal and perinatal mortality.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed The geography of smallpox in England before vaccination: A conundrum resolved.(Elsevier BV, 2018-06) Davenport, Romola Jane; Satchell, Max; Shaw-Taylor, Leigh Matthew William; Davenport, Romola [0000-0002-6828-9846]Smallpox is regarded as an ancient and lethal disease of humans, however very little is known about the prevalence and impact of smallpox before the advent of vaccination (c.1800). Here we use evidence from English burial records covering the period 1650-1799 to confirm a striking geography to smallpox patterns. Smallpox apparently circulated as a childhood disease in northern England and Sweden, even where population densities were low and settlement patterns dispersed. However, smallpox was a relatively rare epidemic disease in southern England outside the largest cities, despite its commercialised economy and the growing spatial interconnectedness of its settlements. We investigated a number of factors hypothesised to influence the regional circulation of smallpox, including exposure to naturally occurring orthopox viruses, settlement patterns, and deliberate preventative measures. We concluded that transmission was controlled in southern England by local practices of avoidance and mass inoculation that arose in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Avoidance measures included isolation of victims in pest houses and private homes, as well as cancellation of markets and other public gatherings, and pre-dated the widespread use of inoculation. The historical pattern of smallpox in England supports phylogenetic evidence for a relatively recent origin of the variola strains that circulated in the twentieth century, and provides evidence for the efficacy of preventative strategies complementary to immunisation.Item Open Access Accepted version Peer-reviewed Animating the urban: an ethological and geographical conversation(Taylor & Francis, 2019-10-13) Barua, Maan; Sinha, Anindya; Barua, Maan [0000-0002-6539-8131]Urban animals and their political ecologies constitute an arena of geographical scholarship that has intensified in recent years. Yet, little headway has been made in terms of understanding how sentient creatures inhabit and negotiate dynamic, metabolic environments. Focusing on urban macaques in Indian cities, the paper develops a conversation between geography and ethology. Firstly, the conversation provides insights into what urbanisation might entail for animals. Secondly, it assays ways in which non-human knowledges enable rethinking what expertise counts in urban governance. Thirdly, the conversation foregrounds other spatial topologies of the urban that become evident when animals’ lifeworlds are taken into account. The paper advances efforts to animate urban political ecology in registers yet inattentive to non-human lifeworlds. It concludes by reflecting upon the purchase of such etho-geographical conversations generate for political ecologies of urbanisation.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Modelling seasonal meltwater forcing of the velocity of the Greenland Ice Sheet(Copernicus Publications, 2017-10-26) Koziol, Conrad P; Arnold, Neil; Arnold, Neil [0000-0001-7538-3999]Abstract. Surface runoff at the margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet drains to the ice-sheet bed leading to enhanced summer ice flow. Ice velocities show a pattern of early summer acceleration followed by mid-summer deceleration, due to evolution of the subglacial hydrology system in response to meltwater forcing. Modelling the integrated hydrological – ice dynamics system to reproduce measured velocities at the ice margin remains a key challenge for validating the present understanding of the system, and constraining the impact of increasing surface runoff rates on dynamic ice mass loss from the GrIS. Here we show that a multi-component model incorporating supraglacial, subglacial, and ice dynamic components applied to a land-terminating catchment in western Greenland produces modeled velocities which are in good agreement with those observed in GPS records for three melt seasons of varying melt intensities. This provides support for the hypothesis that the subglacial system develops analogously to alpine glaciers, and supports recent model formulations capturing the transition between distributed and channelized states. The model shows development of efficient conduit drainage up-glacier from the ice sheet margin which develops more extensively, and further inland, as melt intensity increases. This suggests current trends of decadal timescale slow-down in the ablation zone will continue in the near future, although the strong summer velocity scaling in our results could begin to offset potential future fall and winter velocity decreases for very high melt rates which are predicted for the end of the 21st century.Item Open Access Accepted version Peer-reviewed Dynamic interactions between coastal storms and salt marshes: A review(Elsevier BV, 2018) Leonardi, N; Carnacina, I; Donatelli, C; Ganju, NK; Plater, AJ; Schuerch, M; Temmerman, S; Schuerch, Mark [0000-0003-3505-3949]This manuscript reviews the progresses made in the understanding of the dynamic interactions between coastal storms and salt marshes, including the dissipation of extreme water levels and wind waves across marsh surfaces, the geomorphic impact of storms on salt marshes, the preservation of hurricanes signals and deposits into the sedimentary records, and the importance of storms for the long term survival of salt marshes to sea level rise. A review of weaknesses, and strengths of coastal defences incorporating the use of salt marshes including natural, and hybrid infrastructures in comparison to standard built solutions is then presented. Salt marshes are effective in dissipating wave energy, and storm surges, especially when the marsh is highly elevated, and continuous. This buffering action reduces for storms lasting more than one day. Storm surge attenuation rates range from 1.7 to 25 cm/km depending on marsh and storms characteristics. In terms of vegetation properties, the more flexible stems tend to flatten during powerful storms, and to dissipate less energy but they are also more resilient to structural damage, and their flattening helps to protect the marsh surface from erosion, while stiff plants tend to break, and could increase the turbulence level and the scour. From a morphological point of view, salt marshes are generally able to withstand violent storms without collapsing, and violent storms are responsible for only a small portion of the long term marsh erosion. Our considerations highlight the necessity to focus on the indirect long term impact that large storms exerts on the whole marsh complex rather than on sole after-storm periods. The morphological consequences of storms, even if not dramatic, might in fact influence the response of the system to normal weather conditions during following inter-storm periods. For instance, storms can cause tidal flats deepening which in turn promotes wave energy propagation, and exerts a long term detrimental effect for marsh boundaries even during calm weather. On the other hand, when a violent storm causes substantial erosion but sediments are redistributed across nearby areas, the long term impact might not be as severe as if sediments were permanently lost from the system, and the salt marsh could easily recover to the initial state.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Incorporating modelled subglacial hydrology into inversions for basal drag(Copernicus GmbH, 2017) Koziol, CP; Arnold, N; Arnold, Neil [0000-0001-7538-3999]Abstract. A key challenge in modelling coupled ice-flow–subglacial hydrology is initializing the state and parameters of the system. We address this problem by presenting a workflow for initializing these values at the start of a summer melt season. The workflow depends on running a subglacial hydrology model for the winter season, when the system is not forced by meltwater inputs, and ice velocities can be assumed constant. Key parameters of the winter run of the subglacial hydrology model are determined from an initial inversion for basal drag using a linear sliding law. The state of the subglacial hydrology model at the end of winter is incorporated into an inversion of basal drag using a non-linear sliding law which is a function of water pressure. We demonstrate this procedure in the Russell Glacier area and compare the output of the linear sliding law with two non-linear sliding laws. Additionally, we compare the modelled winter hydrological state to radar observations and find that it is in line with summer rather than winter observations.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed 3D seismic evidence of buried iceberg ploughmarks from the mid-Norwegian continental margin reveals largely persistent North Atlantic Current through the Quaternary.(Elsevier BV, 2018-05-01) Montelli, A; Dowdeswell, JA; Ottesen, D; Johansen, SE; Montelli, Aleksandr [0000-0003-4512-2653]; Dowdeswell, Julian [0000-0003-1369-9482]Over 7500 buried linear and curvilinear depressions interpreted as iceberg ploughmarks were identified within the Quaternary Naust Formation from an extensive three-dimensional seismic dataset that covers ~ 40,000 km2 of the mid-Norwegian continental margin. The morphology and net orientation of ploughmarks were mapped and analysed. These features are up to 28 km long, 700 m wide and are incised up to 31 m deep. On average, ploughmarks are incised 5 m deep, with median width of 185 m and median lengths ranging from 1.2 to 2.7 km for individual palaeo-surfaces. Width to depth ratio ranges from 8:1 to 400:1 and is on average 36:1. The presence of ploughmarks buried deeply within some palaeo-slope surfaces implies the occasional presence of very large icebergs since the middle Quaternary, suggesting that thick ice-sheet margins with fast-flowing ice streams were present in order to calve icebergs of such dimensions into the Norwegian Sea. The wide geographical distribution of ploughmarks suggests unrestricted iceberg drift and an open Norwegian Sea during the periods of iceberg calving since the early Quaternary. Ploughmark trajectory analysis demonstrates that the ocean current circulation, now dominated by the northeasterly flowing Norwegian Atlantic Current (NwAC), has largely persisted throughout the Quaternary. Despite the overall strikingly consistent pattern of iceberg drift, ploughmark mapping also shows evidence for short-lived NwAC reductions possibly related to major phases of iceberg discharge and/or meltwater pulses from the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet during the middle and late Quaternary.