Graphene-silicon phase modulators with gigahertz bandwidth
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The modulator is a key component in optical communications. Several graphene-based amplitude modulators have been reported based on electro-absorption. However, graphene phase modulators (GPMs) are necessary for functions such as applying complex modulation formats or making switches or phased arrays. Here, we present a 10 Gb s -1 GPM integrated in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer configuration. This is a compact device based on a graphene-insulator-silicon capacitor, with a phase-shifter length of 300 μm and extinction ratio of 35 dB. The GPM has a modulation efficiency of 0.28 V cm at 1,550 nm. It has 5 GHz electro-optical bandwidth and operates at 10 Gb s -1 with 2 V peak-to-peak driving voltage in a push-pull configuration for binary transmission of a non-return-to-zero data stream over 50 km of single-mode fibre. This device is the key building block for graphene-based integrated photonics, enabling compact and energy-efficient hybrid graphene-silicon modulators for telecom, datacom and other applications.
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1749-4893
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Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/G042357/1)
Royal Society (TG102524)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/K01711X/1)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/K017144/1)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/M507799/1)
European Commission (264694)
European Commission (604391)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/L016087/1)
European Commission Horizon 2020 (H2020) ERC (206409)
European Commission Horizon 2020 (H2020) Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) (696656)
EPSRC (via University of Manchester) (R119256)
The Royal Society (uf072943)
The Royal Society (wm090070)
Isaac Newton Trust (1135(N))
Royal Society (516002K5698/kk)
European Commission (246026)
European Research Council (319277)