jats:titleAbstract</jats:title>jats:p jats:list

jats:list-itemjats:pBipartite networks are widely used to represent a diverse range of species interactions, such as pollination, herbivory, parasitism and seed dispersal. The structure of these networks is usually characterised by calculating one or more indices that capture different aspects of network architecture. While these indices capture useful properties of networks, they are relatively insensitive to changes in network structure. Consequently, variation in ecologically‐important interactions can be missed. Network motifs are a way to characterise network structure that is substantially more sensitive to changes in pairwise interactions and is gaining in popularity. However, there is no software available in R, the most popular programming language among ecologists, for conducting motif analyses in bipartite networks. Similarly, no mathematical formalisation of bipartite motifs has been developed.</jats:p></jats:list-item>

jats:list-itemjats:pHere we introduce jats:scbmotif</jats:sc>: a package for motif analyses of bipartite networks. Our code is primarily an jats:scr</jats:sc> package, but we also provide jats:scmatlab</jats:sc> and jats:scPython</jats:sc> code of the core functionality. The software is based on a mathematical framework where, for the first time, we derive formal expressions for motif frequencies and the frequencies with which species occur in different positions within motifs. This framework means that analyses with jats:scbmotif</jats:sc> are fast, making motif methods compatible with the permutational approaches often used in network studies, such as null model analyses.</jats:p></jats:list-item>

jats:list-itemjats:pWe describe the package and demonstrate how it can be used to conduct ecological analyses, using two examples of plant–pollinator networks. We first use motifs to examine the assembly and disassembly of an Arctic plant–pollinator community and then use them to compare the roles of native and introduced plant species in an unrestored site in Mauritius.</jats:p></jats:list-item>

jats:list-itemjats:pjats:scbmotif</jats:sc> will enable motif analyses of a wide range of bipartite ecological networks, allowing future research to characterise these complex networks without discarding important meso‐scale structural detail.</jats:p></jats:list-item> </jats:list> </jats:p>