Transport constitutes an integral part of the urban system and is key to the efficient functioning of cities. The adaptation of transport systems to climate change is, therefore, crucial for the success of cities in the future. Adaptation planning of urban transport infrastructure is a complex process that involves managing political issues, technological limitations and economic challenges. Due to the complexity of this process, urban transport planners may not always be aware of all challenges they must face, leading to the ineffective adaptation, or even lack of adaptation, of the transport systems of their cities. This paper shows how barriers and opportunities for effective adaptation planning of urban transport infrastructure could be identified from a socio-technical perspective. For this purpose, an existing analytical framework, previously used to identify barriers and opportunities for urban adaptation planning and their causes in some cities of Latin America and Germany, is adopted and applied. In this framework, barriers and opportunities for urban adaptation planning are associated with one of the following three categories: information quality and availability, resources, and incentives to act. Then, the framework introduces a series of three underlying factors that influence each of these categories. These factors are related to actor-specific characteristics, the institutional environment, and the natural and socio-economic environment. This framework is applied in this paper within the context of a case study carried out in Bogotá, Colombia. Thirty-nine semi-structured interviews conducted with local professionals in transport planning, urban planning, climate change, risk management and politics provided insight into Bogotá’s governance processes and the extent to which climate change adaptation is considered within the transport sector. Relevant local policy documents and technical reports provide supporting evidence. The analysis revealed that incomplete or unusable information about climate change and its effects, reduced availability of economic and human resources, and lack of adequate incentives are limiting the integration of adaptation in the transport planning processes of the city. Moreover, the analysis confirms the importance of the institutional environment in how it influences which infrastructure options are considered feasible and preferable, especially when faced with the challenge of climate change adaptation. Furthermore, the evidence clearly shows that transport planners and policy-makers in the city are not aware of all of the barriers and opportunities identified by this research. Bogotá’s transport planners could use the results of this study as evidence to select more effective ways of intervention and ultimately improve the adaptation planning of transport infrastructure in the city, and transport planners from other cities could use this study as an example of how to identify barriers and opportunities in their own adaptation planning processes.