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Strong performance enhancement in lead-halide perovskite solar cells through rapid, atmospheric deposition of n-type buffer layer oxides

Accepted version
Peer-reviewed

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Type

Article

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Authors

Raninga, RD 
Jagt, RA 
Béchu, S 
Huq, TN 
Li, W 

Abstract

Thin (approximately 10 nm) oxide buffer layers grown over lead-halide perovskite device stacks are critical for protecting the perovskite against mechanical and environmental damage. However, the limited perovskite stability restricts the processing methods and temperatures (<=110 C) that can be used to deposit the oxide overlayers, with the latter limiting the electronic properties of the oxides achievable. In this work, we demonstrate an alternative to existing methods that can grow pinhole-free TiOx (x = 2.00+/-0.05) films with the requisite thickness in <1 min without vacuum. This technique is atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (AP-CVD). The rapid but soft deposition enables growth temperatures of >=180 {\deg}C to be used to coat the perovskite. This is >=70 {\deg}C higher than achievable by current methods and results in more conductive TiOx films, boosting solar cell efficiencies by >2%. Likewise, when AP-CVD SnOx (x ~ 2) is grown on perovskites, there is also minimal damage to the perovskite beneath. The SnOx layer is pinhole-free and conformal, which reduces shunting in devices, and increases steady-state efficiencies from 16.5% (no SnOx) to 19.4% (60 nm SnOx), with fill factors reaching 84%. This work shows AP-CVD to be a versatile technique for growing oxides on thermally-sensitive materials.

Description

Keywords

Lead-halide perovskite, Photovoltaics, Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition, Oxide buffer layer

Journal Title

Nano Energy

Conference Name

Journal ISSN

2211-2855
2211-3282

Volume Title

75

Publisher

Elsevier

Rights

All rights reserved
Sponsorship
Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng) (RF\201718\17101)
Isaac Newton Trust (19.07(d))
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/L011700/1)
Isaac Newton Trust (Minute 1338(k))
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/N004272/1)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/P007767/1)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/M005143/1)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/L016087/1)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/N509620/1)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/P027032/1)
European Commission Horizon 2020 (H2020) Marie Sk?odowska-Curie actions (747461)
EPSRC (EP/T012218/1)