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A novel equivalence probability weighted power prior for using historical control data in an adaptive clinical trial design: A comparison to standard methods.

Published version
Peer-reviewed

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Abstract

A standard two-arm randomised controlled trial usually compares an intervention to a control treatment with equal numbers of patients randomised to each treatment arm and only data from within the current trial are used to assess the treatment effect. Historical data are used when designing new trials and have recently been considered for use in the analysis when the required number of patients under a standard trial design cannot be achieved. Incorporating historical control data could lead to more efficient trials, reducing the number of controls required in the current study when the historical and current control data agree. However, when the data are inconsistent, there is potential for biased treatment effect estimates, inflated type I error and reduced power. We introduce two novel approaches for binary data which discount historical data based on the agreement with the current trial controls, an equivalence approach and an approach based on tail area probabilities. An adaptive design is used where the allocation ratio is adapted at the interim analysis, randomising fewer patients to control when there is agreement. The historical data are down-weighted in the analysis using the power prior approach with a fixed power. We compare operating characteristics of the proposed design to historical data methods in the literature: the modified power prior; commensurate prior; and robust mixture prior. The equivalence probability weight approach is intuitive and the operating characteristics can be calculated exactly. Furthermore, the equivalence bounds can be chosen to control the maximum possible inflation in type I error.

Description

Funder: National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre

Keywords

Bayesian, adaptive design, borrowing, historical data, priors, Bayes Theorem, Humans, Probability, Research Design, Sample Size

Journal Title

Pharm Stat

Conference Name

Journal ISSN

1539-1604
1539-1612

Volume Title

20

Publisher

Wiley
Sponsorship
UK Medical Research Council (MRC_MC_UU_00002/3, U105292687)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) iCase award in conjunction with GlaxoSmithKline (2147518)