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'  /    *"       &  7/0   !      !           &  .  &     0  56       (     ( /                                                    La0.4δCa0.55MnO3 barrier Non-manganite(NGO) barrier            !&     "7×   0 6"+               #         ! &      -   !          &        " In order to investigate interfacial magnetism in LCMO/L  C MO/LCMO trilayers, I chose unpatterned heteroepitaxial trilayers grown on STO (100) rather than ones on NGO (001) mainly because this avoids strong background paramagnetism from Nd during the magnetic measurement. I first explored a possible exchange interaction between the FM electrodes and the AFM barrier by studying magnetization reversal upon an applied field (H ) during the sample cooling to T?%#>?% >?%  @@2                                                               (4 ) when the field is reversed from positive to negative (4 ) and from negative to positive (4  ). This asymmetry was reproducibly observed and persists up to high temperatures until the hysteresis disappears, i.e. up to near the T (~ 260K) of the FM LCMO. It was revealed that the asymmetry {24 ≡(4 +4 )/2} is strongly dependent on the H – see, for H = 5kOe and 50kOe in Fig. 6.7. A systematic variation of 24 as a function of H is shown in Fig. 6.8(a). However, it should be noted that the sign of the 24 is not dependent         )<        $     < @@2                               H c          ∆ H ex             on the polarity of the H but instead on the sample orientation with respect to the H . It is qualitatively different from the normal exchange bias where the sign of the 24 follows the polarity of the H . It is also distinctive from the reported exchange bias in mixed valence manganites where only the normal exchange bias was observed. The H dependence of the coercivity 4 , defined as 4 ≡(4 -4 )/2, is shown in Fig. 6.8(b) and it exhibits an essentially the similar variation with the H suggesting a common physical basis. Similar measurements have been done on a plain LCMO film and the 4 is only weakly dependent on the H as expected from a conventional ferromagnet. Therefore it is clear that the observed H dependence of 24 and 4 is due to the presence of the AFM L  C MO barrier. The temperature dependent 4 measured on the LCMO/L  C MO/LCMO along with a LCMO/SrTiO/LCMO and a plain LCMO film are shown in Fig. 6.9 and it distinctively exhibits a strong enhancement of the 4 at ~200K, which is close to the T of L  C MO.          *  *  #     *A *           #  $             H c   H c                     < This further corroborates the magnetization reversal of the LCMO/L  C MO/LCMO trilayer is strongly influenced by the presence of the AFM L  C MO barrier. The observed magnetic features aforementioned such as asymmetric magnetization reversal and the 4 enhancement near the T can be further discussed particularly around the role of the AFM L  C MO barrier. In conventional    exchange bias systems, it is assumed that the AFM anisotropy is sufficiently large compared to the FM anisotropy and the interfacial exchange coupling constant (5), i.e. 6 6  and 6 5, where 6 and  are the anisotropy constant and the thickness of the respective layers. However, if either the 5 and/or the 6  is comparable to the 6 , i.e t,the magnetization reversal cannot be effectively exchange-biased in the     level. Instead the FM and AFM spins can be coupled, for example, they can be reversed together. Then the magnetization reversal of the system may be strongly influenced by the magnetic microstructures of the AFM, i.e. the domain structures or crystal orientation of the AFM. In fact, a direct observation of the    features of an exchange bias system Co/LaFeO reveals that the FM-AFM exchange bias can be a local domain-by-domain interaction; the FM spin directions are locally determined by the spin directions in the underlying AFM layers. An asymmetric magnetization reversal was observed in Fe/MnO bilayers and it was ascribed to the coupling between the magnetization of Fe and the twinned crystal structure of the AFM (110) MnO. It should be noted that in this study the sign of the 24 was only dependent on the sample orientation with respect to the H , not on the polarity of the H . This strongly suggests that the similar origin related to the twinned crystal structure of the barrier, which is commonly observed in LaCaMnO of x~0.5, causes a similar asymmetric reversal in this study. The magnetic structure of the L  C MO tends to be a multi-phase mixture, i.e. nm-size FM clusters in the AFM matrix at the ground state as discussed above, and this tendency towards phase separation is further pronounced near the phase transition temperature, i.e. the T. A similar coercivity enhancement as in this study was reported in an MnF/Fe exchange-bias bilayer and it was attributed to be due to the interfacial frustration in the AFM MnFdriven by the H , which effectively pin the propagating domain wall motions in the Fe. Then the 4 enhancement of the LCMO near the T of the L  C MO can be understood as the stabilization of the domain structure of the LCMO due to the local pinning torque originated from the maximum magnetic inhomogeneity or frustration in the AFM L  C MO at its magnetic transition.      ? /    *' !    ' /    //       &          " )       /                   &  !              %      !&  %    ! 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