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Phonon Coupling Between SIN Tunnel Junctions
G. Burnell
1
, I. Kanno
1;a
, M. G. Blamire
1
1
Dept. Materials Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QZ UK.
a
Permanent address: Dept. Nucl. Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
Abstract
As part of our work developing Superconductor-
Insulator-Normal Metal (SIN) tunnel-junction based
bolometers, we have fabricated devices with multiple
distributed junctions and have investigated the cou-
pling between junctions and devices using injection-
detection experiments. The observed non-linearity in
the coupling between junctions is discussed in terms
of the non-equilibrium phonon distribution and prop-
agation in our devices.
1 Introduction
Bolometers with SIN tunnel junction readouts are
promising candidates for high energy resolution X-ray
and phonon detectors due to the strong dependence
of the thermal tunnel current on the electron temper-
ature in the normal metal[1][2].
In order to assess and optimize our device struc-
tures and deposition parameters for producing SIN
tunnel junction bolometers we have produced devices
with multiple distributed junctions with common ab-
sorbers. We have studied these devices with injection-
detection experiments to assess the magnitude, repro-
ducibility and uniformity of the response of the detec-
tor sub-gap current to the increased electron temper-
ature in the absorber.
Here we report results showing that although the
coupling between two junctions is mediated via sub-
strate phonons, the presence of a normal metal ab-
sorber between the junctions will eectively suppress
the coupling. We attribute these results to localized
heating by athermal 2
 phonons and thermalisation
of the signal in the absorber with subsequent thermal
leakage to the substrate.
2 Experimental
For the results presented here, the devices fabricated
were Nb=Al=AlO
x
=Al=Pd=Au multilayers produced
in a combination of whole wafer multilayer process-
ing and lift-o techniques, on R-plane sapphire sub-
strates. For most devices a nal 50nm Nb layer was
sputtered when depositing the absorber. One device
was fabricated on a 1m thick Si
3
N
4
membrane of
approximately 1mm
2
area, created by wet etching a
Si
3
N
4
coated Si wafer.
Substrate
(R-Sapphire)
   Pd
(250
nm)
Au(500nm) Nb(50nm)
Junction
Anodized Al/Nb
Nb(90nm)
Detector Injector 
Current
Return
Injector
(a) (b)
Figure 1: Device structure and plan view, showing
two measurement congurations (a) and (b).
Fig. 1 shows a schematic of the nal device struc-
ture with a plan view of a device with two absorbers,
one with 3 junctions and an SN contact, the other
with 4 junctions. Two dierent measurement congu-
rations are also shown; (a) injector and current return
adjacent, detector junction opposite, and (b) detector
junction adjacent to injector junction, current return
junction opposite .
The devices were measured in a He
3
insert at a tem-
perature of 0.350K. Injection-detection experiments
were performed by measuring the change in I-V char-
acteristic of one junction with an injected current
from a second junction. Data were taken for injector
currents corresponding to junction bias in the range
04
=e (0{5mV). Since the common electrode in this
conguration is a normal metal, the measured bias
across the detector junction exhibits an oset pro-
portional to the injector current which related to the
relative geometry of the injector, detector and other
current voltage contacts to the absorber. To elimi-
nate this extra factor, a thin Nb layer was deposited
on top of the normal metal. This eectively equalized
the potential across the absorber and removed the ge-
ometrical factors, although the interactions between
the injected ('hot') electrons and this SN interface do
have to be considered.
3 Results
Depending on the measurement conguration, two
types of response were observed for sapphire substrate
devices; essentially no response (Fig. 2a) { measure-
ment conguration as in Fig. 1a, and a step in the
A21
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-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 1 2 3 4 5
Ex
ce
ss
 C
ur
re
nt
 (µ
A
)
Injector Bias (mv)
a (squares)
b (circles)
c (crosses)
Figure 2: Additional detected current (at a detector
bias of -0.5mV) as a function of injected current for
(a) conguration in g. 1a, (b) conguration in g.
1b, and (c) device on membrane.
response at a bias in the injector of approximately

=e (Fig. 2b) { conguration as in Fig. 1b. Increas-
ing the distance between the detector junction and
second junction did not result in a signicant dier-
ence in the response. Measurements between the two
electrically isolated absorbers demonstrated coupling
between the two devices, thus implying coupling via
substrate phonons. For the device on a membrane the
response was independent of conguration and quali-
tatively dierent (Fig. 2c)
4 Discussion
There are two particular points to be explained in
these results, rstly the form of the response with a
sharp step at an injector bias of 
=e and secondly
the geometrical eect where coupling is not observed
across the absorber.
A simple scaling with injected current or power
would not explain the essentially constant response
for injector biases in the range 
=e  4
=e. Since
coupling between electrically isolated devices implies
phonon mediation, an alternative explanation involv-
ing the phonon emission processes is required.
When the injector junction is biased at the energy
gap, the current 
ow introduces a large population
of quasi-particles into the superconductor, well in ex-
cess of the thermal population[3]. This will result in
a large local concentration of recombination phonons.
For biases between 
 and 4
, quasiparticles will scat-
ter inelastically before recombination to produce 2

and sub 2
 energy phonons[4].
Phonons which enter the normal metal will rapidly
inelastically scatter to create a hot electron since in
this temperature regime the majority of the heat ca-
pacity of the metal is electronic[5]. Although the hot
electron will have a relatively long lifetime against in-
elastic scattering, the distance between inelastic scat-
tering events is short as the elastic mean free path is
of order nm[6]. Thus a phonon's energy is deposited
within a relatively small region of the normal metal,
within a length scale of order 10m. It could be ex-
pected that the electron temperature would relax to
the phonon temperature over a length-scale similar
to the device dimensions[7], however the eect of An-
dreev re
ection combined with good thermal conduc-
tance to the substrate will reduce this eect.
If there is little normal metal between the detec-
tor and phonon source then 2
 phonons will be ab-
sorbed in the normal metal adjacent to the junction,
creating a local hot spot, which will give rise to the
observed increase in detector current. Otherwise the
athermal phonons will be absorbed and thermalised
away from the detector, resulting in no signal. For
this reason we observe the geometrical eects in the
sapphire substrate devices.
If the device is on a membrane, the energy de-
posited at the injector is almost entirely coupled to
the normal metal electron system. Since the energy
loss via thermal phonons to the substrate is much re-
duced, the electron temperature is increased signi-
cantly throughout the normal metal; thus we observe
no geometrical dependence and a linear increase in
detected excess current for injector biases in excess of

=e.
5 Conclusions
We have fabricated devices with multiple distributed
SIN tunnel junctions with a common normal metal
electrode. We have explained the observed geometri-
cal dependence of the coupling between junctions in
our injection-detection experiments by localized heat-
ing in the absorber from athermal phonons produced
as a result of recombination of the non-equilibrium
population of quasi-particles close to the injecting
junction.
Further information can be found at: http://
www-dmg.msm.cam.ac.uk/dmg/people/gb119/
References
[1] H. Kraus, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 9 (1996) 827
[2] J.M. Martinis, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 370 (1996)
171
[3] J.J. Chang, D.J. Scalapino, Phys. Rev. B 15
(1977) 2651
[4] G. Burnell, P.A. Warburton, M.G. Blamire, J.
Appl. Phys. 76 (1994) 1105
[5] M. Nahum, J.M. Martinis, S. Castles, J. Low
Temp. Phys. 93 (1994) 733
[6] F.C. Wellstood, C. Urbina, J. Clarke, Phys. Rev.
B. 49 (1994) 5942
[7] A.H. Steinbach, J.M. Martinis, M.H. Devoret,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996) 3806
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