The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
The part of a cell, extracellular environment or virus in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together. [GOC:go_curators, NIF_Subcellular:sao-1337158144]
The covalent attachment of sialic acid to a substrate molecule. [GOC:cjm]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-6 stimulus. [GOC:mah]
The glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine and N4 glucosyl asparagine also occur. This modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification. [GOC:jsg, RESID:AA0151, RESID:AA0420, RESID:AA0421]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolipids, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar group acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol group may be absent. [CHEBI:33563, ISBN:0198547684]
A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins. [GOC:curators, GOC:pr]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification). [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the transfer of sialyl residues alpha-2,3-linked to a beta galactosyl residue on the donor to form an alpha-2,3 linkage to a terminal beta galactosyl residue on the acceptor. [GOC:mengo_curators, PMID:7826016, PMID:8405811]
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of sialic acid to an acceptor molecule, typically the terminal portions of the sialylated glycolipids (gangliosides) or to the N- or O-linked sugar chains of glycoproteins. [EC:2.4.99, GOC:cjm, Wikipedia:Sialyltransferase]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192800981]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression such that an expression pattern recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. [GOC:mah]
Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins. [GOC:vp]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group. [GOC:jl]
The chemical reactions and pathways by which the various amino acids become bonded to their corresponding tRNAs. The most common route for synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA is by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, usually catalyzed by the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA ligase. A given aminoacyl-tRNA ligase aminoacylates all species of an isoaccepting group of tRNA molecules. [GOC:ma, GOC:mah, MetaCyc:Aminoacyl-tRNAs]
The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA. [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]
Catalysis of the joining of an amino acid and a nucleic acid (usually tRNA) or poly(ribitol phosphate), with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate. The reaction forms an aminoacyl-tRNA or a related compound. [EC:6.1.1, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-alanine + tRNA(Ala) = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNA(Ala). [EC:6.1.1.7]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. [GOC:mah]
The process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation. [GOC:autophagy, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:11099404, PMID:9412464]
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0716731363]
A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. [GOC:go_curators, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/complex/documentation/]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. [GOC:lh]
Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. [ISBN:0879693568]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular protein catabolic process. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:kmv, GOC:obol, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24785082]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator. [GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. [GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein UFM1 to another protein. [GOC:vw, PMID:20018847]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G2 to M phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
The stopping, prevention, or reduction in frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity as a result of regulating the phosphorylation status of that protein kinase. [GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. [GOC:dph, GOC:rl, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein. [GOC:mah]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation. [GOC:mah, PMID:12042763]
Alterations undergone by nuclei at the molecular and morphological level as part of the execution phase of apoptosis. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. [GOC:mah, GOC:mb]
A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression through the G2/M transition of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. [GOC:hjd]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any isoform of the MDM2/MDM4 protein family, comprising negative regulators of p53. [InterPro:IPR016495]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a mitogen-activated protein kinase. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin-like protein ligase, such as ubiquitin-ligase. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cyclins, proteins whose levels in a cell varies markedly during the cell cycle, rising steadily until mitosis, then falling abruptly to zero. As cyclins reach a threshold level, they are thought to drive cells into G2 phase and thus to mitosis. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis. [GO_REF:0000060, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:18799626]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. [GOC:mah, GOC:mb]
The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:10465783]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. [GOC:mah]
A large multisubunit complex which catalyzes protein degradation, found in eukaryotes, archaea and some bacteria. In eukaryotes, this complex consists of the barrel shaped proteasome core complex and one or two associated proteins or complexes that act in regulating entry into or exit from the core. [GOC:rb, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome]
Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ai, GOC:ebc, GOC:vw]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:jl]
Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. [GOC:ai, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Rho protein, any member of the Rho subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. Proteins in the Rho subfamily are involved in relaying signals from cell-surface receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. [ISBN:0198547684, PMID:12581856]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments. [GOC:clt]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The process in which an actin filament is broken down into smaller filaments. [GOC:ai, PMID:14657234]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah, GOC:pf]
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete]
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another along a substrate such as the extracellular matrix; the migrating cell forms a protrusion that attaches to the substrate. [ISBN:0815316194, PMID:11944043, PMID:14657486]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Rac protein, any member of the Rac subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. [GOC:ebc, PMID:11702775]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a GTPase activating protein. [GOC:nln]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with profilin, an actin-binding protein that forms a complex with G-actin and prevents it from polymerizing to form F-actin. [ISBN:0721662544]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-phosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + phosphate. [EC:3.1.3.4, GOC:pr]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The series of events required to receive a bitter taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. [GOC:go_curators]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. [GOC:ma]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester to give a phosphomonoester and a free hydroxyl group. [EC:3.1.4, GOC:curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + a phosphatidate. [EC:3.1.4.3, EC:3.1.4.4, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H(2)O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H(+). [EC:3.1.4.11, RHEA:23915]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes. [ISBN:0815316194]
The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. [GOC:mah]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell. [GOC:bf]
A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. [GOC:go_curators, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/complex/documentation/]
A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes. [GOC:mah, http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/myosin/Review/Reviewframeset.html, ISBN:96235764]
Any process in which endosomes are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. [GOC:ecd]
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, ISBN:08789310662000]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Rab protein, any member of the Rab subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments. [GOC:clt]
Catalysis of the generation of force resulting either in movement along a microfilament or microtubule, or in torque resulting in membrane scission, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:11242086]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A protein complex that possesses 6-phosphofructokinase activity; homodimeric, homooctameric, and allosteric homotetrameric forms are known. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide into pyruvate, occurring through a fructose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910, ISBN:0879010479]
The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus. [GOC:jl]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910, ISBN:0716720094, ISBN:0879010479, Wikipedia:Glycolysis]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 6-phosphate, also known as F6P. The D-enantiomer is an important intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fructose metabolism. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with fructose 6-phosphate. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the D- or L-enantiomer of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-hex-2-ulose. [CHEBI:28757, GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose-6-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. [EC:2.7.1.11]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. [PMID:16645198, PMID:20044567]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes. [GOC:mah, PMID:11252894]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:mah]
The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. [GOC:dgh, GOC:mah]
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:ai]
The clustering and aggregation of membrane rafts at a single cellular pole during activation of particular cell types, such as lymphocytes. [PMID:12615889]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the myelin sheath of a nerve. [GOC:mah]
A spliceosomal complex that contains three snRNPs, including U5, bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs. [GOC:ab, GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897, ISBN:0879697393, PMID:18322460, PMID:19239890]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol. [GOC:mtg_sensu]
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. [ISBN:0198506732]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. [GOC:go_curators]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. [GOC:mah]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A series of molecular signals mediated by a steroid hormone binding to a receptor. [PMID:12606724]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Combining with a steroid hormone and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity or function. [GOC:signaling, PMID:14708019]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. [GOC:dph]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. [GOC:dph, GOC:yaf]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. [GOC:dph, GOC:yaf]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:rl, GOC:tb]
A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the increase in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph]
The process controlling the activation and/or rate at which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires features of a neuron. [GOC:dph]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, ISBN:0815340729]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation. [GOC:vp, PMID:15139015]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. [ISBN:0716731185]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group. [GOC:jh2, PMID:12848939, Wikipedia:Social_behavior]
Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0582227089]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah]
The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in one half of the cerebral cortex towards target cells in the contralateral half. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the anterior commissure, a small midline fiber tract that lies at the anterior end of the corpus callosum. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0878937420]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
The process in which nerve cells are generated in the forebrain. This includes the production of neuroblasts from and their differentiation into neurons. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
The detachment of cells from radial glial fibers at the appropriate time when they cease to migrate and form distinct layer in the cerebral cortex. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:12626695]
The progression of the olfactory bulb over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory bulb coordinates neuronal signaling involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the sensory neurons and outputs to the olfactory cortex. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0878937420]
The progression of the amygdala over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The amygdala is an almond-shaped set of neurons in the medial temporal lobe of the brain that play a key role in processing emotions such as fear and pleasure. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0878937420]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dentate gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dentate gyrus is one of two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus. It contains granule cells, which project to the pyramidal cells and interneurons of the CA3 region of the ammon gyrus. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0838580343]
The orderly movement of a glial cell, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. [GOC:ai]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb, UBERON:0000955]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
A behavioral interaction between organisms in which one organism has the intention of inflicting physical damage on another individual. [GOC:hjd]
An acute behavioral change resulting from a perceived external threat. [GOC:dph, PMID:9920659]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme histone deacetylase. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin silencing. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone in which a lysine residue has been modified by acetylation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:rl, PMID:17582821]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in nonspecific suppression of gene activity. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + 2 H+. May or may not be coupled to another reaction. [EC:3.6.1.3, GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
A complex formed by the association of Cdc13 (CTC1 in mammals) with Stn1 in yeast (OBFC1 in mammals) and Ten1 protein (also TEN1 in mammals) with single-stranded telomeric DNA. The CST complex plays a role in telomere protection. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, IntAct:EBI-10043724, IntAct:EBI-8801830, IntAct:EBI-8801947, PMID:19854130, PMID:22965356]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The terminal region of a linear nuclear chromosome that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins. [GOC:elh]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with single-stranded DNA. [GOC:elh, GOC:vw, PMID:22976174]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis. [GOC:ems]
Functions in chain elongation during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis. [GOC:ems]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. [ISBN:0198547684]
Functions in chain elongation during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
A ribonucleoprotein complex found in the cytoplasm of male germ cells, composed of exceedingly thin filaments that are consolidated into a compact mass or into dense strands of varying thickness that branch to form an irregular network. Contains mRNAs, miRNAs, and protein components involved in miRNA processing (such as Argonaute proteins and the endonuclease Dicer) and in RNA decay (such as the decapping enzyme DCP1a and GW182). [PMID:17183363]
Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins. [GOC:ma, PMID:10330182]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription. [GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation. [GOC:obol]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence. [GOC:BHF]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:BHF]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development. [GOC:obol, GOC:yaf]
A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oxidative stress, e.g. high levels of reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:BHF]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. [GOC:tb]
A reproductive process occurring in the mother that results in birth. [GOC:dph]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating redox state. Redox state refers to the balance of oxidized versus reduced forms of electron donors and acceptors in an organelle, cell or organ; plastoquinone, glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and nicotinamide nucleotides (NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH) are among the most important. [GOC:mah, PMID:15131240, PMID:16987039]
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the origin and formation of neurons. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:12230507]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression such that an expression pattern recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling. [GOC:mah]
Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators]
The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [GOC:jid, ISBN:9780878933846]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
A protein transport process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the vectorial transfer of a cargo-carrier protein complex through the nuclear pore complex from the cytoplasmic side to the nucleoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope. [GOC:curators, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:14570049, PMID:9126736]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an E-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CANNTG that is found in the promoters of a wide array of genes expressed in neurons, muscle and other tissues. [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk, PMID:11812799]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription repressor, any protein whose activity is required to prevent or downregulate transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Hsp90 proteins, any of a group of heat shock proteins around 90kDa in size. [GOC:ai]
The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any of the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors, important regulatory components in transcriptional networks of many developmental pathways. [PMID:9144210]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an aryl hydrocarbon receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription factor, which may be a single protein or a complex, in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the basal transcription machinery. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is part of a core promoter region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the basal transcription machinery. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon. [GOC:txnOH]
A protein complex that is composed of two soluble ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor alpha subunits (product of the CNTFR gene) and two molecules of cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (product of the CLCF1 gene). The complex is secreted into the extracellular space. [GOC:BHF, PMID:11285233]
A heterodimeric protein complex that is composed of cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (product of the CLCF1 gene) and cytokine receptor-like factor 1 (product of the CRLF gene) and is secreted into the extracellular space. The CRLF-CLCF1 complex is a ligand for the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) receptor complex. [GOC:BHF, PMID:10966616]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation. [GOC:vp, PMID:15139015]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes. [GOC:jid]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein. [GOC:jl, PMID:11426647]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_15nov05]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The JAK-STAT cascade begins with activation of STAT proteins by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases, proceeds through dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, PMID:12039028]
A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:pr, GOC:signaling]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production. [GOC:add]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor. [GOC:ai]
Functions to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells. [ISBN:0198599471]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
An intracellular macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules. [GOC:krc, GOC:vesicles]
The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol. [GOC:mtg_sensu]
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. [ISBN:0198506732]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. [GOC:go_curators]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the large ribosomal subunit. [GOC:jl]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands. [GOC:isa_complete, GOC:mah]
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains phosphorus. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix. [EC:3.6.1.3, GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + H2O = NDP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction drives the unwinding of the DNA helix. [EC:3.6.1.3, GOC:jl]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. [GOC:mah, GOC:pz]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix that contributes to reciprocal meiotic recombination. [GOC:mah, PMID:15238514]
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seminiferous tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Seminiferous tubules are ducts located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, UBERON:0001343]
The cell cycle process in which a connection between chromatids assembles, indicating where an exchange of homologous segments has taken place by the crossing-over of non-sister chromatids. [http://www.onelook.com]
The cell cycle process in which the 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang occurs resulting in double strand break formation and repair through a double Holliday junction intermediate. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]
The mitotic divisions of the primary spermatogonial cell (a primordial male germ cell) to form secondary spermatogonia (primary spermatocytes). [GOC:bf, GOC:pr, ISBN:0879694238]
The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [GOC:jid, ISBN:9780878933846]
The meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase. Synapsis begins when the chromosome arms begin to pair from the clustered telomeres and ends when synaptonemal complex or linear element assembly is complete. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:22582262, PMID:23117617]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia, GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:pr, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:13978319, PMID:27350441, Reactome:R-HSA-5617833.2]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi. [GOC:dph, GOC:hjd, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:15006537, PMID:19643732]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + G-protein coupled receptor = ADP + G-protein coupled receptor phosphate. [GOC:dph]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]
A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules. [GOC:dph]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers. [GOC:krc]
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. [GOC:jl, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/]
A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0815316194]
Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix; contains proteins destined to be secreted. [NIF_Subcellular:sao772007592, PMID:14690495]
The lipid bilayer surrounding a synaptic vesicle. [GOC:mah]
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. [GOC:nln, ISBN:0198506732]
A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198596732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane. [PMID:10099709, PMID:12563290]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24898855]
The fast, initial phase of calcium ion-induced neurotransmitter release, via exocytosis, into the synaptic cleft. This depends on low affinity calcium sensors and typically begins a fraction of a millisecond after Ca2+ influx, and decays rapidly (1-10ms) with a decay constant of around 5-10ms. The underlying molecular mechanisms of this process are distinct from those of the later, slow phase of release. [GOC:dos, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, PMID:4405553, PMID:7809151, PMID:7954835]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. [GOC:ai]
The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, where the release step is dependent on a rise in cytosolic calcium ion levels.  [GOC:curators]
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of presynaptic membrane that recycles synaptic vesicle membrane and its components following synaptic vesicle exocytosis. This process starts with coating of the membrane with adaptor proteins and clathrin prior to invagination and ends when uncoating has finished. [GOC:jid, GOC:lmg, GOC:mah, PMID:20448150]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis. [GOC:go_curators]
Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. [GOC:jid, GOC:lmg]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine. [GOC:ef]
The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium regualated exocytosis during synaptic transmission. [CHEBI:25512, GOC:dph]
Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane. [GOC:jid]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a low-density lipoprotein receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules), in the presence of calcium. [GOC:jid, PMID:10485905]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a clathrin heavy or light chain, the main components of the coat of coated vesicles and coated pits, and which also occurs in synaptic vesicles. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a syntaxin, a SNAP receptor involved in the docking of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic zone of a synapse. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the SNAP receptor syntaxin-1. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' and 5' positions. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester, in the presence of calcium. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Maintaining an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein in an unfolded, soluble state that contributes to its degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. Maintaining ER-resident proteins in an unfolded yet soluble state condition after their retro-translocation favors their turnover by the cytosolic proteasome. [GO_REF:0000060, GOC:bf, GOC:BHF, GOC:nc, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21636303]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie]
A protein deubiquitination process in which a K63-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein. [GOC:mah, PMID:19202061, PMID:19214193]
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation. [GOC:ai]
A protein deubiquitination process in which a K6-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 6 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein. [GOC:sp]
A protein deubiquitination process in which a K29-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 29 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein. [GOC:bf]
The removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. [GOC:mah, GOC:mb]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein. [GOC:go_curators]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any ubiquitin-specific protease activity that is involved in positive regulation of ERAD pathway. [GO_REF:0000061, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24424410]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a BAT3 complex. [GO_REF:000102, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23246001]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a proteasome, a large multisubunit protein complex that catalyzes protein degradation. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chaperone protein, a class of proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport. [http://www.onelook.com]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin-like protein ligase, such as ubiquitin-ligase. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ubiquitin, a protein that when covalently bound to other cellular proteins marks them for proteolytic degradation. [GOC:ecd]
Catalysis of the thiol-dependent hydrolysis of an ester, thioester, amide, peptide or isopeptide bond formed by the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. [EC:3.4.19.12, GOC:bf, GOC:ka]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins. [GOC:vp]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile. [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0815332181]
Catalysis of the thiol-dependent hydrolysis of a peptide bond formed by the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and another protein. [GOC:jh2, ISBN:0120793709]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile. [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#ENDOPEPTIDASE]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their own peptide bonds. [GOC:yaf, PMID:18676612, PMID:19144634]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:ai]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, usually mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein. [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716731363]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a heat shock protein, any protein synthesized or activated in response to heat shock. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. [GOC:mah]
The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein homooligomerization. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the lens of an eye. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai, http://www.onelook.com/]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:sart, PMID:19135896, PMID:21041441]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
A phospholipid microvesicle that is derived from any of several cell types, such as platelets, blood cells, endothelial cells, or others, and contains membrane receptors as well as other proteins characteristic of the parental cell. Microparticles are heterogeneous in size, and are characterized as microvesicles free of nucleic acids. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, PMID:16373184]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A large lipoprotein particle (diameter 75-1200 nm) composed of a central core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a protein-phospholipid coating. The proteins include one molecule of apolipoprotein B-48 and may include a variety of apolipoproteins, including APOAs, APOCs and APOE. Chylomicrons are found in blood or lymph and carry lipids from the intestines into other body tissues. [GOC:jl, GOC:rl, http://biotech.icmb.utexas.edu/search/dict-search.html, PMID:10580165]
A mature high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle, converted from discoidal HDL particles following the esterification of cholesterol in the particle by phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; LCAT). [GOC:BHF, GOC:expert_pt, GOC:mah, GOC:rl]
A lipoprotein particle with a high density (typically 1.063-1.21 g/ml) and a diameter of 5-10 nm that contains APOAs and may contain APOCs and APOE; found in blood and carries lipids from body tissues to the liver as part of the reverse cholesterol transport process. [GOC:BHF, GOC:expert_pt, GOC:mah, GOC:pde, GOC:rl]
A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that is typically composed of APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of about 1.006 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-80 nm. It is found in blood and transports endogenous products (newly synthesized cholesterol and triglycerides) from the liver. [GOC:BHF, GOC:expert_pt, GOC:mah, GOC:rl]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol transporter activity. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cholesterol import. Cholesterol import is the directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group. [CHEBI:18035, GOC:curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8. [GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of peripheral cell cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, towards the liver for catabolism. [GOC:ecd, PMID:7751809]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ebc, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cholesterol within an organism or cell. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
The aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids to form a high-density lipoprotein particle. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a high-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL. [GOC:BHF, GOC:expert_pt, GOC:mah, GOC:rl]
The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL. [GOC:BHF, GOC:expert_pt, GOC:mah, GOC:rl]
The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride from a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle. [GOC:BHF, GOC:expert_pt, GOC:mah, GOC:rl]
The directed movement of a phospholipid out of a cell or organelle. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle. [GOC:sart]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]
Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of absorption of cholesterol into the blood, and the exclusion of other sterols from absorption. [GOC:mah, PMID:11099417]
The modification of peptidyl-methionine. [GOC:go_curators]
The modification of a protein amino acid by oxidation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid. [GOC:tb]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol esterification. Cholesterol esterification is the lipid modification process in which a sterol ester is formed by the combination of a carboxylic acid (often a fatty acid) and cholesterol. In the blood this process is associated with the conversion of free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester, which is then sequestered into the core of a lipoprotein particle. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus. [GOC:jl]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues. [ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. [ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response. [GOC:add]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a high-density lipoprotein receptor. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
Increases the activity of phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase, an enzyme that converts cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine (lecithins) to cholesteryl esters and lyso-phosphatidylcholines. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:4335615]
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an apolipoprotein receptor. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylcholine, a class of glycophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Enables the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Cholesterol is the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cholesterol (cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol); the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lipid. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with high-density lipoprotein particle, a lipoprotein particle with a high density (typically 1.063-1.21 g/ml) and a diameter of 5-10 nm that contains APOAs and may contain APOCs and APOE. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. [ISBN:0198506732]
Enables the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [GOC:ai]
The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. [GOC:bf, GOC:curators, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin. [GOC:add, ISBN:068340007X]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ethanolamine = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphoethanolamine. [EC:2.7.1.82, RHEA:13072]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A structure found most metazoan nucleoli, but not usually found in lower eukaryotes; surrounded by the dense fibrillar component; the zone of transcription from multiple copies of the pre-rRNA genes is in the border region between these two structures. [PMID:10754561]
The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [PMID:15918910]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. [GOC:dph]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium). [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=hindbrain]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles). [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=midbrain]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. [GOC:mah]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code. [GOC:go_curators]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. [GOC:mah]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The movement of a population of phospholipid molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet, resulting in loss of lipid asymmetry and surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). [GOC:cjm, PMID:20043909, PMID:20302864]
Catalysis of the movement of phospholipids from one membrane bilayer leaflet to the other, by an ATP-independent mechanism. [GOC:cjm, PMID:20043909, PMID:20302864]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a nucleoside diphosphate to produce a nucleoside triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside diphosphate = ADP + nucleoside triphosphate. [EC:2.7.4.6]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [GOC:jid, ISBN:9780878933846]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle comprising a matrix of coalesced lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. May include associated proteins. [GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:ai]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with FAD, flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in either the oxidized form, FAD, or the reduced form, FADH2. [CHEBI:24040, GOC:ai, GOC:imk, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ETF + ubiquinone = ETF + ubiquinol. [EC:1.5.5.1]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the peroxisomal membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:mah]
The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome. [GOC:mah]
A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism. [GOC:pm, PMID:9302272, UniProtKB-KW:KW-0576]
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae. [GOC:ai]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of nucleotide across a membrane. [GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie]
The directed movement of AMP, adenosine monophosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [PMID:18923018]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The directed movement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore; transport may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH. [GOC:jl]
The process in which flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732]
The process in which coenzyme A is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester. [GOC:bf]
The directed movement of fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively). [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, MetaCyc:FAO-PWY]
Enables the transfer of AMP, adenosine monophosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other. [PMID:18923018]
Enables the directed movement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells; transport may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chaperone protein, a class of proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport. [http://www.onelook.com]
Enables the directed movement of flavine mononucleotide (FMN) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [GOC:ans, PMID:22185573]
Enables the directed movement of flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) across a membrane into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form. [ISBN:0198506732]
Enables the directed movement of coenzyme A across a membrane into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester. [GOC:ai]
Enables the transfer of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]
Enables the transfer of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a chemokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-8. [GOC:jl]
Combining with a C-X-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A C-X-C chemokine has a single amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four cysteine motif. [GOC:signaling, PMID:8662823]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
A multiprotein protein complex containing membrane-localized Wnt receptors and cytosolic protein complexes, which is capable of transmitting the Wnt signal. Contains at least a Wnt protein, LRP5 or LRP6, a member of the Frizzled (Fz) family, Axin and and a Dishevelled (DVL) protein. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:22899650, PMID:25336320]
The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell. [GOC:dos]
The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. [ISBN:0198506732]
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. [GOC:jl, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon or dendrite. [ISBN:0815316194]
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. [GOC:nln, ISBN:0198506732]
A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes. [GOC:mah, PMID:11252894]
The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell. In epithelial cells, lateral plasma membranes are on the sides of cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells. [GOC:hb, GOC:mah, GOC:pr]
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular protein localization. Cellular protein localization is any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location and encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, GOC:vw]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. [GOC:tb]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors that modulates the establishment of planar polarity contributing to neural tube closure. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process in which the cochlea is generated and organized. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The accumulation of acetylcholine-gated cation channels in a narrow, central region of muscle fibers, in apposition to nerve terminals. [GOC:bf, GOC:dsf, PMID:19285469]
The process in which a startle magnitude is reduced when the startling stimulus is preceded by a low-intensity prepulse. [GOC:dph, PMID:10341260]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, PMID:11532397]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, PMID:11532397, PMID:19619488]
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis contribution to the shaping of an organ. [GOC:dph, PMID:12062082]
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation. [GOC:ai]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). [GOC:ai, GOC:pr]
The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendrite are generated and organized. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:lm, GOC:rl]
The process in which outgrowths develop from the shafts of existing axons. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:lm]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The receptor metabolic process that results in grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:pr, PMID:19747931, PMID:21453460]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a microtubule. [GOC:bf, GOC:lb]
Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group. [GOC:jh2, PMID:12848939, Wikipedia:Social_behavior]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the nucleus. [GOC:ecd]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. [GOC:mah]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signal transduction. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
The process of directed cell movement in the neural plate resulting in tissue elongation via intercalation of adjacent cells in an epithelial sheet at the midline, leading to narrowing and lengthening of the neural plate. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:13679871, PMID:15806586]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, PMID:11532397]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction. [GOC:mtg_OBO2OWL_2013]
The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. [ISBN:0878932437]
De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:pg, GOC:pr, ISBN:0198506732]
The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium regualated exocytosis during synaptic transmission. [CHEBI:25512, GOC:dph]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. [GOC:hjd]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. [GOC:hjd]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein. [GOC:hjd]
Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the beta subunit of the catenin complex. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the frizzled (fz) receptor. [GOC:ceb, PR:000001315]
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090513]
The process whose specific outcome is the formation of tooth enamel, occurring in two stages: secretory stage and maturation stage. [GOC:cjm, GOC:sl, PMID:10206335, PMID:21196346]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:mah]
A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. [GOC:jid]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions. [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0815332181]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions. [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#ENDOPEPTIDASE]
The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell. [GOC:dos]
A transport vesicle that mediates transport from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis. [GOC:kad, GOC:mah]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, where the release step is dependent on a rise in cytosolic calcium ion levels.  [GOC:curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis. [GOC:go_curators]
Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane. [GOC:jid]
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This process begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when vesicle fusion is complete. This is the process in which most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a clathrin heavy or light chain, the main components of the coat of coated vesicles and coated pits, and which also occurs in synaptic vesicles. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a syntaxin, a SNAP receptor involved in the docking of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic zone of a synapse. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Rab protein, any member of the Rab subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester, in the presence of calcium. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
Any phosphodiester bond hydrolysis involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into a mature rRNA molecule. [GOC:curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis. [GOC:ma]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules. [GOC:curators]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the transfer of a hexosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell. [GOC:hb]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a cell in an organism interprets its surroundings. [GOC:go_curators]
The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell. [ISBN:0198506732]
The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cell adhesion molecule. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. [GOC:go_curators, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/complex/documentation/]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition. [GOC:krc, PMID:12110900]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A process in which a succinate ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The process in which tricarboxylic acids are transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:vw]
The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]
The directed movement of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]
The directed movement of tricarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dicarboxylate(out) + Na+(out) = dicarboxylate(in) + Na+(in). [GOC:ai]
Enables the transfer of tricarboxylic acids from one side of the membrane to the other. Tricarboxylic acid are organic acids with three COOH groups. [GOC:ai]
Enables the transfer of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, from one side of the membrane to the other. [ISBN:0198506732]
Enables the transfer of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, from one side of the membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [GOC:ai, GOC:dgf]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [GOC:ai, GOC:dgf]
Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell. [GOC:mah, PMID:22160157]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:mah]
A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins. [GOC:curators, GOC:pr]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. [CHEBI:16646, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome. [GOC:mah]
A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism. [GOC:pm, PMID:9302272, UniProtKB-KW:KW-0576]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway in which the initial step, which converts an acyl-CoA to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA oxidase; the electrons removed by oxidation pass directly to oxygen and produce hydrogen peroxide, which is cleaved by peroxisomal catalases. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively). [GOC:mah, MetaCyc:PWY-5136]
The removal of one or more electrons from a fatty acid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen. [ISBN:0198506732, MetaCyc:FAO-PWY]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [GOC:jid, ISBN:9780878933846]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities. [ISBN:0198506732]
A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively). [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, MetaCyc:FAO-PWY]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. [ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. [GOC:ma]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. [GOC:jl]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22. [CHEBI:27283, GOC:hjd]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with FAD, flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in either the oxidized form, FAD, or the reduced form, FADH2. [CHEBI:24040, GOC:ai, GOC:imk, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein N-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 2-amino (or 2-imino) function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a PDZ domain of a protein, a domain found in diverse signaling proteins. [GOC:go_curators, Pfam:PF00595]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + O2 = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + hydrogen peroxide. [EC:1.3.3.6]
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acceptor = 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + reduced acceptor. [EC:1.3.99.3]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell. [GOC:mah, PMID:22160157]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai, http://www.onelook.com/]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an odorant, any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0721662544]
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:sart, PMID:19135896, PMID:21041441]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
Any of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding and hydrolyzing proteins; they belong to a superfamily of GTPases that includes monomeric proteins such as EF-Tu and RAS. Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of three subunits; the alpha subunit contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity; the beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a beta-gamma heterodimer; extrinsic plasma membrane proteins (cytoplasmic face) that function as a complex to transduce signals from G-protein coupled receptors to an effector protein. [ISBN:0198547684]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). [GOC:dph, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb, PMID:12675914]
Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol. [GOC:ai]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent increase in the concentration of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb, ISBN:0815316194]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP). [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0815316194]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a complex of G-protein beta/gamma subunits. [GOC:nln, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with guanyl nucleotides, any compound consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. [ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G-protein coupled receptor. [GOC:ceb, GOC:dph]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. [ISBN:0198506732]
The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. [ISBN:0198506732]
An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. The AMPA receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission in the CNS and are composed of subunits GluR1-4, products from separate genes. These subunits have an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus. [GOC:ef]
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html, ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef]
A series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:signaling, ISBN:0198506732]
A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when extracellular glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size). [GOC:cy, GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
An ionotropic glutamate receptor activity that exhibits fast gating by glutamate and acts by opening a cation channel permeable to sodium, potassium, and, in the absence of a GluR2 subunit, calcium. [GOC:mah, PMID:10049997, PMID:8804111]
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. [ISBN:0198506732]
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids. [GOC:pr, RESID:AA0040, RESID:AA0168, RESID:AA0169, RESID:AA0231, RESID:AA0237, RESID:AA0295]
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + (ADP-D-ribosyl)(n)-acceptor = nicotinamide + (ADP-D-ribosyl)(n+1)-acceptor. [EC:2.4.2.30]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole. [ISBN:0815316194]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538). [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:25236395]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0198506732]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification). [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. [GOC:jl]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The volume enclosed within the lysosomal membrane. [GOC:jl, PMID:15213228]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0815316208]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [GOC:dph]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. [CL:0000192, GOC:ebc]
A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling to convert a signal into a response. Phosphatidylinositols include phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a platelet-derived growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. [GOC:ceb]
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation). [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which a sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. [CHEBI:28874, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. [GOC:bf]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:signaling, PMID:17470632]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to a beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFbeta) on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:signaling, GOC:yaf, PMID:10372961, PR:000002035]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine. [RESID:AA0039]
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:pf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. [CL:0000192, GOC:mtg_muscle]
Any process that increases the rate of phospholipase C activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ceb, GOC:signaling]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [ISBN:0198506732]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with platelet-derived growth factor. [GOC:dgh]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a vascular endothelial growth factor. [PMID:17470632, PR:000003096, PR:000007520, PR:000017284, PR:000017285]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
Combining with platelet-derived growth factor isoform PDGF-BB or PDGF-AB to initiate a change in cell activity. [PMID:1657917]
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate. [EC:2.7.10.1, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. [EC:2.7.10]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a ruffle. [GOC:mah]
A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments. [ISBN:0815316194]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0815316208]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A multisubunit complex that binds to the canonical AAUAAA hexamer and to U-rich upstream sequence elements on the pre-mRNA, thereby stimulating the otherwise weakly active and nonspecific polymerase to elongate efficiently RNAs containing a poly(A) signal. [PMID:14749727]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork. The formation of ruffles (also called membrane ruffling) is thought to be controlled by a group of enzymes known as Rho GTPases, specifically RhoA, Rac1 and cdc42. [GOC:yaf, http:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_ruffling, PMID:12556481]
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase through the replacement of GDP by GTP. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
The process of directing proteins towards the plasma membrane; usually uses signals contained within the protein. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [GOC:dph]
The aggregation and bonding together of a set of components to form a focal adhesion, a complex of intracellular signaling and structural proteins that provides a structural link between the internal actin cytoskeleton and the ECM, and also function as a locus of signal transduction activity. [GOC:jid, GOC:mah]
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphatidylinositol, any glycerophosphoinositol having one phosphatidyl group esterified to one of the hydroxy groups of inositol. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which a sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. [CHEBI:28874, ISBN:0198506732]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of constituent parts of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. [GOC:ecd, GOC:mah]
Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a fibroblast pseudopodium. A fibroblast is a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. [CHEBI:28874, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+). [EC:2.7.1.68, RHEA:14428]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol phosphate = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate. [EC:2.7.1.-, PMID:9759495]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. [CHEBI:16646, GOC:mah]
Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins. [GOC:ma, PMID:10330182]
Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0815316208]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain ventricular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain ventricular system consists of four communicating cavities within the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. These cavities include two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles and is produced by the choroid plexus. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0838580343]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. [CL:0000192, GOC:mtg_muscle]
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. [CL:0000192, GOC:mtg_muscle]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with semaphorin receptors. [GOC:ceb, PMID:12001990]
A cilium which may have a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors. [GOC:cilia, GOC:dgh, GOC:kmv, PMID:17009929, PMID:20144998, PMID:22118931]
A membrane-tethered, short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum) that is similar in structure to a centriole and derives from it. The cilium basal body is the site of assembly and remodelling of the cilium and serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth. As well as anchoring the cilium, it is thought to provide a selective gateway regulating the entry of ciliary proteins and vesicles by intraflagellar transport. [GOC:cilia, GOC:clt, PMID:21750193]
A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body. [GOC:cilia, GOC:curators, GOC:kmv, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:16824949, PMID:17009929, PMID:20144998]
A cell junction at which anchoring proteins (cadherins or integrins) extend through the plasma membrane and are attached to actin filaments. [GOC:mah, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html, ISBN:0198506732]
A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals. [GOC:dgh, GOC:hb, GOC:mah]
A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle. [ISBN:0198547684]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otic vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear. [GOC:mah]
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the left/right axis. The left/right axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. Each side is defined from the viewpoint of the organism rather of the observer (as per anatomical axes). [GOC:dph, GOC:gvg, GOC:mah]
The progression of the Kupffer's vesicle over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The Kupffer's vesicle is a small but distinctive epithelial sac containing fluid, located midventrally posterior to the yolk cell or its extension, and transiently present during most of the segmentation period. [GOC:dgh]
The pattern specification process in which the polarity of a body or organ axis is established and maintained. [GOC:mah]
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia, GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:pr, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:13978319, PMID:27350441, Reactome:R-HSA-5617833.2]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric duct are generated and organized. The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the kidney. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, XAO:0000063, ZFA:0000150]
The process in which the anatomical structures of a pronephric nephron tubule are generated and organized from an epithelium. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, ZFA:00001558]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level and results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the outer segment of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. The outer segment of the photoreceptor cell contains the light-absorbing materials. [ISBN:0824072820, PMID:14507858]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cloaca over time, from it's formation to the mature structure. The cloaca is the common chamber into which intestinal, genital and urinary canals open in vertebrates. [GOC:dgh, ISBN:0582227089]
Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell. [GOC:mah]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium). [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=hindbrain]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation. [GOC:mah]
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, ISBN:08789310662000]
The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:1270266]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. [GOC:bf, GOC:jid, ISBN:0582227089]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ceb, GOC:signaling]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization. [GOC:hjd]
The tube morphogenesis process in which the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceding their future integration. Heart looping begins with dextral-looping and ends when the main regional divisions of the mature heart and primordium of the great arterial trunks become established preceeding septation. [GOC:dph, PMID:12094232]
The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of a polarized epithelium are generated and organized. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis. [GOC:dph]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space). [ISBN:0198547684]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface. [GOC:dos, GOC:tb]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-12 secretion. [GOC:obol]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-10 secretion. [GOC:obol]
A series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The formation of a protein homotrimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated identical subunits. [GOC:hjd]
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a tumor necrosis factor to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. [GOC:add, ISBN:0721601464]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0198506732]
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:18846107, PMID:21494263]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cytokine, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf, ISBN:0198599471]
Combining with tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages, to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:jl, http://lookwayup.com/]
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the gonads are generated and organized. A gonad is an animal organ producing gametes, e.g. the testes or the ovary in mammals. [ISBN:0198612001]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. [GOC:mah, GOC:mb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The formation of a protein trimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. [GOC:hjd]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding an invadopodium. [GOC:mah]
A enzyme complex of which the core is a heterodimer composed of a light (alpha) and heavy (beta) chain, and requires several other water-soluble proteins of cytosolic origin for activity. Functions in superoxide generation by the NADPH-dependent reduction of O2. [GOC:jl, PMID:11483596, PMID:12440767]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701, PMID:19696797]
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:19696797]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in the homeostasis of organismal or cellular pH (with pH < 7). pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. [GOC:BHF, GOC:go_curators, GOC:rl, PMID:10615049]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:11672522]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving diatomic oxygen (O2). [CHEBI:33263, GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension. [GOC:mah]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
Any process that increases the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. [GOC:bf]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA. [GOC:jl, http://biotech.icmb.utexas.edu/]
The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways. [GOC:jl, PMID:12359750]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah]
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:pf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration]
The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:jl]
Any process that increases or activates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species. [CHEBI:18421, GOC:jl]
The process in which renin-angiotensin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. [GOC:mtg_cardio]
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. [ISBN:0878932453]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Rac protein, any member of the Rac subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. [GOC:ebc, PMID:11702775]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a proton by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [ISBN:10615049]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + O2 = NAD(P)H + O2-. [GOC:ai, PMID:10806195]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the reaction: RSO-R' + H2O = RSOOH + R'H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of any sulfuric ester bond, any ester formed from sulfuric acid, O=SO(OH)2. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3. MLL1/MLL is the catalytic methyltransferase subunit, and the complex also contains the core components ASH2L, HCFC1/HCF1 WDR5 and RBBP5. [GOC:sp, PMID:15960975]
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. [GOC:mah, GOC:pz]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A protein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 16 of the histone. [GOC:jl]
The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 8 of the histone. [GOC:jl]
The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 5 of the histone. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 16) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 16). This reaction represents the addition of an acetyl group to the lysine at position 16 of histone H4. [EC:2.3.1.48]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 8) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 8). [EC:2.3.1.48]
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 5) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 5). [EC:2.3.1.48]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in the transcription regulatory region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:mah]
The transport of an inorganic cation across a membrane and against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from ATP hydrolysis. [GOC:BHF]
A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. [GOC:jl]
The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:mah]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the Golgi apparatus of a cell or between the Golgi and its surroundings. [GOC:mah]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of constituent parts of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. [GOC:ecd, GOC:mah]
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction. [GOC:hb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. [GOC:go_curators, UBERON:0001003]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell. [GOC:ceb, GOC:mah]
The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Ca2+(cis) = ADP + phosphate + Ca2+(trans). [EC:3.6.3.8]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized. [GOC:dph, GOC:dsf, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]
The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb are generated and organized. A limb is a paired appendage of a tetrapod used for locomotion or grasping. [UBERON:0002101]
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. [GOC:jid, UBERON:0002048]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732]
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. [ISBN:0878932453]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0521436125]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation. [ISBN:0815316194]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:mtg_heart]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue. [GOC:dph]
Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. [GOC:ai]
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) located on the surface of the receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ceb, GOC:signaling, PR:000001971]
Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis. [GOC:go_curators]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. [GOC:jid, UBERON:0000948]
A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan. [GOC:pr, ISBN:0879695595, RESID:AA0153, RESID:AA0154, RESID:AA0155, RESID:AA0157, RESID:AA0212]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. [GOC:add]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. [GOC:hjd]
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. [ISBN:0878932453]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. [GOC:st]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1. [GOC:st]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html, ISBN:0198506732]
A cell-cell junction composed of pannexins or innexins and connexins, two different families of channel-forming proteins. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_muscle, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junction, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_g.html, ISBN:0815332181, PMID:22366062]
Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:16959967]
The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. [ISBN:0198547684]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells. [GOC:di, GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
A two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin. [GOC:mah]
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172, ISBN:0815316194]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides. [GOC:vw, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:17072892, PMID:17245416]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization. [GOC:mah]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:pf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. [GOC:hb, GOC:pf]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:sao1045389829]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process involved in the balance between food intake (energy input) and energy expenditure. [GOC:yaf, PMID:15919751]
The assembly of cristae, the inwards folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
The peptide cleavage of mitochondrial proteins, including cleavage contributing to their import. [GOC:curators]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah, GOC:sgd_curators, PMID:9786946]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). [GOC:mah]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. [GOC:ma]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded or attenuated proteins. [GOC:jl]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process that results in increased metabolic rate in tissues of an organism. It is triggered by the detection of dietary excess. This process is achieved via signalling in the sympathetic nervous system. [PMID:12161655]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions. [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#ENDOPEPTIDASE]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
An immune response mediated through a body fluid. [GOC:hb, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai, http://www.onelook.com/]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:sart, PMID:19135896, PMID:21041441]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
The dark-staining region of a sarcomere, in which myosin thick filaments are present; the center is traversed by the paler H zone, which in turn contains the M line. [ISBN:0321204131]
The binding of a protein or protein complex to the pointed (or minus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits. [ISBN:071673706X]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with tropomyosin, a protein associated with actin filaments both in cytoplasm and, in association with troponin, in the thin filament of striated muscle. [GOC:curators, ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric actin, also known as G-actin. [GOC:ai]
A distinct compartment at the tip of a stereocilium, distal to the site of attachment to the apical cell surface. It consists of a dense matrix bridging the barbed ends of the stereocilium actin filaments with the overlying plasma membrane. [GOC:ecd, PMID:17021180]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24125847]
A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]
A reflex process in which a response to an angular or linear acceleration stimulus begins with an afferent nerve impulse from a receptor in the inner ear and ends with the compensatory action of eye muscles. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness. [PMID:11784757]
The series of events involved in the perception of sound vibration in which the vibration is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:tb, ISBN:0815340729]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring. [CHEBI:30413, GOC:ai]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced flavin or flavoprotein and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water. [http://www.onelook.com/, ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The process in which urea, the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2, is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cell adhesion molecule. [GOC:ai]
Enables the directed movement of urea cross a membrane into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Urea is the water soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2. [ISBN:0198506732]
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172, ISBN:0815316194]
A stable protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5), and functions in the nucleation of branched actin filaments. [GOC:jl, GOC:vw, PMID:12479800]
The actin nucleation process in which actin monomers combine to form a new branch on the side of an existing actin filament; mediated by the Arp2/3 protein complex and its interaction with other proteins. [GOC:mah, PMID:16959963, PMID:18640983]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits. [ISBN:0198506732]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure. [GOC:mah]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells. [GOC:jl]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: L-fuconate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-fuconate + H(2)O. [EC:4.2.1.68, RHEA:22775]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with magnesium (Mg) ions. [GOC:ai]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + 2 H+. May or may not be coupled to another reaction. [EC:3.6.1.3, GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [GOC:ai, GOC:dgf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the active transport of a substance across a membrane. [EC:3.6.1.3, GOC:jl]
The growing (plus) end of a microtubule. In vitro, microtubules polymerize more quickly at the plus end than at the minus end. In vivo, microtubule growth occurs only at the plus end, and the plus end switches between periods of growth and shortening, a behavior known as dynamic instability. [GOC:bf, GOC:lb, PMID:12700769, PMID:16643273]
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. [GOC:mah]
The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation). [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:12517712]
A protein complex that functions in the retrotranslocation step of ERAD (ER-associated protein degradation), and includes at its core Derlin-1 oligomers forming a retrotranslocation channel. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:15215856, PMID:16186510]
A protein complex containing, in mammals, Derlin-1 and VCP-interacting membrane protein (VIMP). The complex links the p97/VCP-containing ATPase complex with Derlin-1 during translocation of protein substrates from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol for degradation by the cytosolic proteasome. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:15215856, PMID:16186510]
The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090702, PMID:11964142, PMID:2557062]
A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701, PMID:19696797]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, PMID:14607247, PMID:19520858]
The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. [GOC:ai]
The series of steps necessary to target endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. Begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein modifications necessary for correct substrate transfer (e.g. ubiquitination), transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. [GOC:mah]
Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of unfolded or misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol through the translocon. [PMID:11994744]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation. [GOC:mah, PMID:12042763]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation. This process acts on misfolded proteins as well as in the regulated degradation of correctly folded proteins. [GOC:mah, GOC:rb, PMID:14607247, PMID:19520858]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin-specific protease. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:24063750]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with major histocompatibility complex class I molecules; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins. [GOC:vp]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protease or peptidase. [GOC:hjd]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral release from host cell. [GOC:TermGenie, PMID:18305167]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:15087454, PMID:15170030]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the viral entry into the host cell. [GOC:jl]
Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:ebc, GOC:mtg_15nov05, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. [GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription. [GOC:mah]
The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein. [GOC:ai]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y --> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:jh2, PMID:9635407]
A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. [ISBN:0198506732]
The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell. In epithelial cells, lateral plasma membranes are on the sides of cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells. [GOC:hb, GOC:mah, GOC:pr]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:19696797]
The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor from the postsynaptic endosome to the postsynaptic membrane in transport vesicles. [GOC:dos]
The process that results in the assembly of clathrin triskelia into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage. [GOC:jid, PMID:11460887, PMID:11977118, PMID:9531549]
The directed movement of substances into, out of, or mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation. [ISBN:0198506732]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a clathrin light chain. [GOC:mah]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm. [GOC:bf, PMID:9630751]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. [GOC:ma]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester to give a phosphomonoester and a free hydroxyl group. [EC:3.1.4, GOC:curators]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + a phosphatidate. [EC:3.1.4.3, EC:3.1.4.4, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H(2)O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H(+). [EC:3.1.4.11, RHEA:23915]
A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. [ISBN:0198506732]
The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. [ISBN:0198506732]
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html, ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A homo- or hetero-pentameric protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass in response to acetylcholine binding. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:12381728, PMID:15579462]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A process in which a cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:dos, GOC:vw]
A process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef]
Any process that modulates the potential difference across a post-synaptic membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus. [CHEBI:17688, GOC:bf, GOC:ef, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0582227089]
The process of communication from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse. [GOC:jl, MeSH:D009435]
The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. [GOC:kmv, GOC:pr, Wikipedia:Cholinergic]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Selectively enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens upon binding acetylcholine. [GOC:mah, PMID:2466967]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size). [GOC:cy, GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions. [GOC:ai]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
A microtubule-based flagellum (or cilium) that is part of a sperm, a mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid. [GOC:cilia, GOC:sart, PMID:8441407]
A cytoskeletal structure surrounding the axoneme and outer dense fibers of the sperm flagellum. Consists of two longitudinal columns connected by closely arrayed semicircular ribs that assemble from distal to proximal throughout spermiogenesis. The fibrous sheath probably influences the degree of flexibility, plane of flagellar motion, and the shape of the flagellar beat. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia, GOC:krc, PMID:20731842, PMID:3282552]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A supramolecular fiber found in the flagella of mammalian sperm that surrounds the nine microtubule doublets. These dense fibers are stiff and noncontractile. In human, they consist of about 10 major and at least 15 minor proteins, where all major proteins are ODF1, ODF2 or ODF2-related proteins. [GOC:cilia, GOC:krc, ISBN:0824072820, PMID:10381817, PMID:21586547, PMID:25361759]
A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. [GOC:go_curators, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/complex/documentation/]
The component of mitochondrial inner membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation. [GOC:as, ISBN:0198506732]
The protein transport machinery of the mitochondrial inner membrane that contains three essential Tim proteins: Tim17 and Tim23 are thought to build a preprotein translocation channel while Tim44 interacts transiently with the matrix heat-shock protein Hsp70 to form an ATP-driven import motor. [EC:3.6.3.51, PMID:8851659]
Protein complex located on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane and associated with the presequence translocase complex; hydrolyzes ATP to provide the force to drive import of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix. [GOC:mcc, PMID:14517234, PMID:14638855]
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase. [GOC:mah]
The import of proteins across the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes into the matrix. Unfolded proteins enter the mitochondrial matrix with a chaperone protein; the information required to target the precursor protein from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix is contained within its N-terminal matrix-targeting sequence. Translocation of precursors to the matrix occurs at the rare sites where the outer and inner membranes are close together. [ISBN:0716731363]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [GOC:mtg_mpo, PMID:17572649]
The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell. [GOC:dos]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]
The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. [GOC:go_curators]
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. [GOC:jl, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/]
A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection. [GOC:ma, PMID:10944585]
An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell. [GOC:hb]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation. [GOC:as, ISBN:0198506732]
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:mah]
A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It contains about 25 different polypeptide subunits, including NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), flavin mononucleotide and several different iron-sulfur clusters containing non-heme iron. The iron undergoes oxidation-reduction between Fe(II) and Fe(III), and catalyzes proton translocation linked to the oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198547684]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen receptor activity. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-specific protease (deubiquitinase) activity. [GOC:obol]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to nitrosative stress. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:14752510]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24252804]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23261939]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:15790595]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron death. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24252804]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:14749723, PMID:24252804]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron death. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24252804]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced cell death. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24252804]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa decarboxylase activity. [GO_REF:0000059, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19703902]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa biosynthetic process. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:16731528]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyoxal. [GO_REF:0000068, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine biosynthetic process. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19703902]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity. [GO_REF:0000059, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19703902]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity. [GO_REF:0000059, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23743200]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21785459]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein K48-linked deubiquitination. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21097510]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:dph, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23530063]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:20160352]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:11672522]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein acetylation. [GOC:TermGenie, PMID:22117195]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of superoxide dismutase activity. [GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. [GOC:rph, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. [GOC:TermGenie]
Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity superoxide radicals or hydrogen peroxide. [GOC:dos, GOC:vw]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus. [CHEBI:16240, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the androgen receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:dph]
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process in which membrane potential increases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more negative potential. For example, during the repolarization phase of an action potential the membrane potential often becomes more negative or hyperpolarized before returning to the steady-state resting potential. [GOC:dph]
The process in which membrane potential decreases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more positive potential. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative steady-state resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:dh, Wikipedia:Depolarization]
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across the mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of dopamine into a presynaptic neuron or glial cell. In this context, dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin transferase activity. [GOC:ai, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. [GOC:ai]
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that reduce or remove the toxicity of mercuric ion. These include transport of mercury away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of mercury ion and/or reduction of mercury ion (Hg[II]) to metallic mercury (Hg[0]). [PMID:10774920]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. [GOC:bf]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid). [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA. [GOC:jl, http://biotech.icmb.utexas.edu/]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus. [GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:jl, PMID:10207076]
The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from glycated glutathione. Glutathione is the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:25416785]
The removal of methylglyoxal from a glycated protein, to form lactate and a deglycated protein. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:25416785]
The removal of glyoxal from a glycated protein, to form glycolate and a deglycated protein. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:25416785]
The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from a lysine residue of a glycated protein. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:14568004, PMID:25416785]
The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from an arginine residue of a glycated protein. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:14568004, PMID:25416785]
The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from a cysteine residue of a glycated protein. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:14568004, PMID:25416785]
The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from a glycated protein. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:14568004, PMID:25416785]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glyoxal stimulus. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein. [GOC:mah]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactate, the anion of lactic acid. [GOC:go_curators]
The oxidation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-L-cysteine sulfinic acid. [RESID:AA0262]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of copper ion. These include transport of copper away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of copper ion. [GOC:kmv, PMID:16367966]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid. [CHEBI:17158, GOC:ai]
Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. [GOC:ai]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah, GOC:sgd_curators, PMID:9786946]
The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein. [GOC:mah]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. [GOC:add]
The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine. [GOC:dph]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. [GOC:hjd]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin-specific protease. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:24063750]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cuprous ion, copper(1+). [GO_REF:0000067, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24567322]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cupric ion, copper(2+). [GO_REF:0000067, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24567322]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a scaffold protein. Scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signaling pathways. Although not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway, tethering them into complexes. [GOC:BHF, GOC:sjp, PMID:10433269, Wikipedia:Scaffold_protein]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription repressor, any protein whose activity is required to prevent or downregulate transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 R'-SH + ROOH = R'-S-S-R' + H2O + ROH. [EC:1.11.1.15]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an androgen receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with mercury (Hg) ions. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme such as ubiquitin conjugating enzyme. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a small protein activating enzyme, such as ubiquitin-activating enzyme. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from a lysine residue of a glycated protein. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, MetaCyc:RXN-17630, MetaCyc:RXN-17632, MetaCyc:RXN-17634, PMID:14568004, PMID:25416785, PMID:26873906, RHEA:49548, RHEA:49552, RHEA:49556]
Interacts with and increases L-dopa decarboxylase activity. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]
Interacts with and increases tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (tyrosine hydroxylase) activity. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:19703902]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cytokine, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf, ISBN:0198599471]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the peroxide group acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor. [GOC:ai]
A copper chaperone activity that specifically delivers copper to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, to activate superoxide dismutase activity. [GOC:vw, http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00335/papers/0011005/00110409.html, PMID:15064408, PMID:9295278]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0815332181]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper (Cu) ions. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns. [GOC:kmv, SO:0000234]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A process in which an anion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:dos, GOC:vw]
Any process that modulates the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]
The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. [GOC:krc]
The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: anion A(out) + anion B(in) = anion A(in) + anion B(out). [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport]
Enables the transfer of a negatively charged ion from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:dgf, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: inorganic anion A(out) + inorganic anion B(in) = inorganic anion A(in) + inorganic anion B(out). [GOC:mah]
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [GOC:ai, GOC:dgf]
A cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle of varying size, but usually larger than 45 nm, with an electron dense granular core, found in noradrenergic and peptidergic cells. [NIF_Subcellular:sao478230652]
Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]
The portion of the cell soma (neuronal cell body) that excludes the nucleus. [GOC:jl]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment system. [GOC:mah, GOC:pr, PMID:16723730]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, often branched, morphology, receives and integrates signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conducts a nerve impulse towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, GOC:nln, ISBN:0198506732]
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. [GOC:nln, ISBN:0198506732]
Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell. [GOC:mah, PMID:22160157]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194]
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum. [ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0815316194]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine transmembrane transport. [GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23755272]
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a trans-Golgi network membrane. [GOC:di, GOC:dos, PMID:23345439]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ebc, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:jl, PMID:10207076]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane by decarboxylation of ornithine. [GOC:mah, MetaCyc:PWY-46]
The directed movement of putrescine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Putrescine is 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192801023]
Upregulation of the activity of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase. [GOC:jl]
Enables the transfer of putrescine from one side of the membrane to the other. Putrescine is 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium. [CHEBI:51143, GOC:go_curators, GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate. [EC:6, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring. [EC:4.-.-.-, ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + ATP + NH(4)(+) = L-glutamine + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate. [EC:6.3.1.2, RHEA:16172]
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO2. [EC:4.1.1.15]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05]
The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in the regulatory region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol. [GOC:mtg_sensu]
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. [ISBN:0198506732]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. [GOC:go_curators]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the large ribosomal subunit. [GOC:jl]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP. [EC:1.1.1.-, GOC:ai]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+. [EC:1.1.1.27, RHEA:23447]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. [GOC:go_curators]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immunoglobulin production in mucosal tissue. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell chemotaxis. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell chemotaxis. [GOC:BHF]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte migration. [GOC:mah]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus. [GOC:ecd, PMID:15451575]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-4 stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far. [GOC:mah, PR:000000017]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. [GOC:mah]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a chemokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the cytosolic compartment. [GOC:dph, GOC:hjd, GOC:mtg_lung, PMID:1814929]
The directed movement of a lymphocyte in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jid, PMID:12391252]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The directed movement of a mature natural killer cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). A mature natural killer cell is a natural killer cell that is developmentally mature and expresses a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize MHC class and other stress related molecules. [CL:0000824, GOC:BHF]
The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. [GOC:add]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis. [GOC:add]
The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:11696603, PMID:15173832]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CCR chemokine receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any chemokine receptor. [GOC:ai]
The function of a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokine, http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=Cytokines, PMID:12183377]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. [GOC:go_curators, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/complex/documentation/]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins. [GOC:ma, PMID:10330182]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals. [GOC:mah]
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. [GOC:kd, GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:mah]
An specialized occluding junction where three epithelial cells meet. It is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that run perpendicularly to the bicellular tight junction at the point of contact between three epithelial cells in an epithelial sheet. [GOC:dk, GOC:dph, PMID:22520461, PMID:25822906]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound. [GOC:ai]
Regions within compact myelin in which the cytoplasmic faces of the enveloping myelin sheath are not tightly juxtaposed, and include cytoplasm from the cell responsible for making the myelin. Schmidt-Lanterman incisures occur in the compact myelin internode, while lateral loops are analogous structures found in the paranodal region adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier. [GOC:dgh]
A highly specialized cell-cell junction found in vertebrates, which forms between a neuron and a glial cell, and has structural similarity to Drosophila septate junctions. It flanks the node of Ranvier in myelinated nerve and electrically isolates the myelinated from unmyelinated nerve segments and physically separates the voltage-gated sodium channels at the node from the cluster of potassium channels underneath the myelin sheath. [PMID:11395001, PMID:14630217]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html, ISBN:0198506732]
The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell. [GOC:curators]
The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. [GOC:go_curators]
An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815332181]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction, an occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet. [GOC:mah]
The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers, such as those in the brain, lung or intestine, to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition. [GOC:dph]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0877797099]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. [GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardio, ISBN:0721643949]
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell.  Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal amino acid residues from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions. [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#AMINOPEPTIDASE, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with peptides, any of a group of organic compounds comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions. [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal amino acid residues from in a polypeptide chain. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the beta-(1->4) linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan. [EC:3.2.1.17, PMID:22748813]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090513]
Any of several large complexes that contain two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and have microtubule motor activity. [ISBN:0815316194]
Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft. [GOC:mah, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815316194]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. [ISBN:0879693568]
Any dynein complex with a homodimeric dynein heavy chain core that catalyzes movement along a microtubule. Cytoplasmic dynein complexes participate in many cytoplasmic transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Some complexes participate in intraflagellar transport. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes, and may include light chains and light intermediate chains. [GOC:cilia, GOC:hla, GOC:krc, GOC:mah, PMID:12600311]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The directed movement of the spindle to a specific location in the cell. [GOC:ai]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule. [GOC:mah, PMID:17392519]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body. [GOC:mah, PMID:17429074]
A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components.  Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules. [GOC:cjm, ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a light intermediate chain of the dynein complex. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + 2 H+. May or may not be coupled to another reaction. [EC:3.6.1.3, GOC:jl]
Catalysis of movement along a microtubule toward the minus end, coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP. [EC:3.6.4.5, GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of movement along a microtubule, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate (usually ATP). [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the transfer of a hexosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside. [EC:2.4.1.17]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
Establishment of the glial barrier between the blood and the brain. The glial cells in the brain are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier. [GOC:dph, GOC:sart]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the hydroxyl group of an acceptor, producing the sulfated derivative and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate. [EC:2.8.2, GOC:curators]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
Any of the numerous similar discrete openings in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. [GOC:jl]
Enables the directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nuclear localization sequence, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the nucleus. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein C-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 1-carboxy function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue. [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A process in which a cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:dos, GOC:vw]
The directed movement of divalent metal cations, any metal ion with a +2 electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Enables the transfer of inorganic cations with a valency of two from one side of the membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. [GOC:mah]
Enables the transfer of cation from one side of the membrane to the other. [GOC:dgf, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins. [http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/intermediate_filaments.htm, ISBN:0198506732]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or its assembly within or outside a cell. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which bones are generated and organized. [GOC:dph]
The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance. [GOC:bf, GOC:kmv, Wikipedia:Chordate]
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the rostro-caudal axis of a somite, prior to the morphological formation of a somite boundary. [GOC:bf, PMID:16326386, PMID:17360776]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0521436125]
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete]
The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:signaling]
The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo. [ISBN:0721662544]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [GOC:mtg_mpo, PMID:17572649]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parasympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia. [FMA:9907, GOC:jid, GOC:sr]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter. [FMA:9906, GOC:jid, GOC:sr]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. [GOC:jl]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles). [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=midbrain]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the locus ceruleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0838580343]
The process that gives rise to the trochlear nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve and is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain dorsally. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0838580343]
The process that gives rise to the oculomotor nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0838580343]
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of somatic motor neurons. Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle targets and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:11262869]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron, a neuron that secretes noradrenaline. [GOC:dph]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y --> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:jh2, PMID:9635407]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity. [GOC:obol]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24898855]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:18591664]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]
A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K48-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation. [GOC:cvs, PMID:15556404]
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential, usually from positive to negative. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, GOC:tb]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which a ubiquitin group, or multiple groups, are covalently attached to the target protein, thereby initiating the degradation of that protein. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus. [GOC:sm]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane depolarization. Membrane depolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to positive. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on an ion channel, a protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective ion transport down its electrochemical gradient. [GOC:BHF, GOC:jl]
Stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a sodium channel. [GOC:mah]
Stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a potassium channel. [GOC:mah]
Modulates the activity of a sodium channel. [GOC:mah]
Modulates potassium channel activity via direct interaction interaction with a potassium channel (binding or modification). [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. [ISBN:0198506732]
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. [GOC:go_curators]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. [GOC:mah]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase and enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. The complex also contains other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex. [GOC:jh2, PMID:9529603]
The ubiquitination by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein. Ubiquitination occurs on the lysine residue by formation of an isopeptide crosslink. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which a ubiquitin group, or multiple groups, are covalently attached to the target protein, thereby initiating the degradation of that protein. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, PMID:22863777]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y --> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:jh2, PMID:9635407]
A filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of type I and type II keratins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins. [http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/intermediate_filaments.htm, ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a bombesin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. [GOC:mah]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Combining with a peptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Combining with bombesin to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:ai]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
Any protein complex that mediates changes in chromatin structure that result in transcriptional silencing. [GOC:mah]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
The assembly of chromatin into heterochromatin, a compact and highly condensed form that is often, but not always, transcriptionally silent. [GOC:mah]
Repression of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, e.g. by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin. [GOC:mah, PMID:10219245]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon. [GOC:txnOH]
Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast fusion. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21364645]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of chemokine secretion, the regulated release of chemokines from a cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mast cell degranulation. [ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation. [GOC:jl]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a protozoan that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:jl]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:19295629]
An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production. [GOC:add]
The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, ISBN:0781735149]
Combining with a cytokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Extracellular matrix components occurring independently or along with elastin. Thought to have force-bearing functions in tendon. In addition to fibrillins, microfibrils may contain other associated proteins. [PMID:27026396]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
A cilium which may have a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors. [GOC:cilia, GOC:dgh, GOC:kmv, PMID:17009929, PMID:20144998, PMID:22118931]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. [GOC:TermGenie]
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the branching morphogenesis by which the kidney progresses from its initial formation to the mature state. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. [GOC:jl]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0721662544]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, SO:0005836]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]
The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai, http://www.onelook.com/]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:sart, PMID:19135896, PMID:21041441]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction. [GOC:go_curators, Wikipedia:Transmembrane_receptor]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
A transcriptionally active complex that binds to an activin response element (ARE) in the promoter of target genes, and is composed of two SMAD2 proteins, one SMAD4 protein and a Forkhead activin signal transducer (FAST) transcription factor. [PMID:12374795, PMID:9288972]
A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription. [GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of androgen receptor activity. [GOC:obol]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the androgen receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:dph]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. [GOC:dgh]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body. [GOC:bf, GOC:dgh, MA:0000062, UBERON:0000947, Wikipedia:Aorta]
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of cell differentiation that results in the anterior/posterior subdivision of the embryonic heart tube. In Drosophila this results in subdivision of the dorsal vessel into to the posterior heart proper and the anterior aorta. [GOC:bf, PMID:12435360]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:mah]
The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized. [GOC:mtg_heart]
The process in which the right cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. [GOC:mtg_heart]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. [GOC:mtg_heart, UBERON:0004145]
The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract). [GOC:mtg_heart, GOC:rl, PMID:17276708]
The tube morphogenesis process in which the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceding their future integration. Heart looping begins with dextral-looping and ends when the main regional divisions of the mature heart and primordium of the great arterial trunks become established preceeding septation. [GOC:dph, PMID:12094232]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a receptor-regulated SMAD signaling protein. [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk, PMID:19114992]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a common mediator SMAD signaling protein. [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk, PMID:19114992]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an androgen receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SMAD signaling protein. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, SO:0005836]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any of the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors, important regulatory components in transcriptional networks of many developmental pathways. [PMID:9144210]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific domain of a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in a distal enhancer region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in a distal enhancer region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription factor, which may be a single protein or a complex, in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) regulatory transcription factor and also with the RNAP II basal transcription machinery in order to modulate transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal RNAP II transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis. [GOC:ems]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. [ISBN:0198547684]
Functions in chain elongation during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
An intracellular macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules. [GOC:krc, GOC:vesicles]
The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol. [GOC:mtg_sensu]
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. [ISBN:0198506732]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. [GOC:go_curators]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. [GOC:mah]
The midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines. [GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0815316194]
Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached. [GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0815316194]
A filament of myosin found in a muscle cell of any type. [GOC:mah]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in striated muscle. [GOC:mah]
The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. [GOC:bf]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking. [GOC:mah]
A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0198506732]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or assembly within or outside a cell, providing elasticity and recoiling. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:23283722]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with muscle isoforms of actinin. Muscle alpha-actinin isoforms are found in skeletal and cardiac muscle and are localized to the Z-disc. [PMID:10984498, PMID:11699871, PMID:15014165]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits. [ISBN:0198506732]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a muscle fiber. [GOC:mah]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA and protein that forms regions of the chromosome that are being actively transcribed. [GOC:sart, PMID:17965872]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of production of miRNAs involved in gene silencing by miRNA. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_miRNA, GOC:rph, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:22269326]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. [GOC:mah]
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin. [GOC:mah]
The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland branch epithelial cells, resulting in the elongation of the branch. The mammary gland branch differs from the bud in that it is not the initial curved portion of the outgrowth. [GOC:dph]
The progression of the mammary gland alveolus over time, from its formation to its mature state. The mammary gland alveolus is a sac-like structure that is found in the mature gland. [GOC:dph]
The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland duct is generated and organized as a part of pregnancy. [GOC:dph, PMID:19261859]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of prostate gland branching, the process in which the branching structure of the prostate gland is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. [GOC:dph]
The branching morphogenesis process in which the prostate epithelial cords branch freely to create the structure of the prostate acini. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]
The developmental growth process in which solid chords of prostate epithelium increase in length. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:ebc]
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:ebc]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. [GOC:jid]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. [GOC:jl]
A series of molecular signals mediated by a steroid hormone binding to a receptor. [PMID:12606724]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of -kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. [GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:add, PMID:16551253, PMID:17328678]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0911910123]
Any series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an receptor located within a cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an intracellular estrogen receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand binding, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process (e.g. transcription). [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics. [ISBN:0198506732]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. [GOC:dph]
Increase in size of antral follicles due to cell proliferation and/or growth of the antral cavity. [http://ovary.stanford.edu]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Combining with estrogen and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:signaling, PMID:17615392]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the estrogen response element (ERE), a conserved sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to estrogen. [GOC:ecd, PMID:15036253, PMID:17975005]
Combining with estrogen and transmitting the signal within the cell to trigger a change in cell activity or function. [GOC:signaling, PMID:17615392]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lipid. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the beta subunit of the catenin complex. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a steroid, any of a large group of substances that have in common a ring system based on 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:signaling, GOC:txnOH]
Combining with a steroid hormone and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity or function. [GOC:signaling, PMID:14708019]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is part of a core promoter region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the basal transcription machinery. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
A complex of four polypeptides, comprising large and small DNA polymerase alpha subunits and two primase subunits, which catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA primer on the lagging strand of replicating DNA; the smaller of the two primase subunits alone can catalyze oligoribonucleotide synthesis. [GOC:mah, PMID:11395402]
The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the formation of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one. [GOC:mah]
The synthesis of a short RNA polymer, usually 4-15 nucleotides long, using one strand of unwound DNA as a template; the RNA then serves as a primer from which DNA polymerases extend synthesis. [PMID:11395402]
The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a 4 iron, 4 sulfur (4Fe-4S) cluster; this cluster consists of four iron atoms, with the inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands. [GOC:ai, PMID:15952888, Wikipedia:Iron-sulfur_cluster]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an iron-sulfur cluster, a combination of iron and sulfur atoms. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotidyl group to a reactant. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template, i.e. the catalysis of DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'. [EC:2.7.7.6, GOC:pf]
Catalysis of the synthesis of a short RNA primer on a DNA template, providing a free 3'-OH that can be extended by DNA-directed DNA polymerases. [GOC:mah, GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716720094, PMID:26184436]
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a DNA template and a 3'hydroxyl group. [EC:2.7.7.7, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with single-stranded DNA. [GOC:elh, GOC:vw, PMID:22976174]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. [GOC:lr]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:rb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a heat shock protein, any protein synthesized or activated in response to heat shock. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER. [ISBN:0716731363, PMID:12972550]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequence, a specific peptide sequence that ensures a protein is retained within the ER. [GOC:ai]
A multimeric DNA polymerase enzyme complex which differs in composition amongst species; in humans it is a heterotetramer of four subunits of approximately 125, 50, 68 and 12kDa, while in S. cerevisiae, it has three different subunits which form a heterotrimer, and the active enzyme is a dimer of this heterotrimer. Functions in DNA replication, mismatch repair and excision repair. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:11205330, PMID:12403614]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. [GOC:add]
Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end and uses the homologous intact duplex as the template. [PMID:10357855]
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a DNA template and a 3'hydroxyl group. [EC:2.7.7.7, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198547684]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A cilium which may have a variable arrangement of axonemal microtubules and also contains molecular motors. It may beat with a whip-like pattern that promotes cell motility or transport of fluids and other cells across a cell surface, such as on epithelial cells that line the lumenal ducts of various tissues; or they may display a distinct twirling motion that directs fluid flow asymmetrically across the cellular surface to affect asymmetric body plan organization. Motile cilia can be found in single as well as multiple copies per cell. [GOC:cilia, GOC:dgh, GOC:kmv, PMID:17009929, PMID:20144998, PMID:22118931]
A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals. [GOC:dgh, GOC:hb, GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:jz, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:25050009]
A region of a chromosome where nucleoli form during interphase, and where genes encoding the largest rRNA precursor transcript are tandemly arrayed. [PMID:14504406]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
The modification of histone H4 by the removal of one or more acetyl groups. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]
The modification of histone H3 by the removal of one or more acetyl groups. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]
The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription as the cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 18) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 18) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 18 of the histone H3 protein. [EC:3.5.1.17, GOC:sp, PMID:22722849, RHEA:24551]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]
A calcium ion entry mechanism in the plasma membrane activated by the depletion of calcium ion from the internal calcium ion store in the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:hjd, PMID:11120592, PMID:17956991]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade. [GOC:go_curators]
The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of liquids, especially water. [GOC:curators, GOC:pr]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus. [GOC:sm]
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone. [GOC:sm]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
The process in which an increase in active angiotensin stimulates the adrenal cortices to secrete aldosterone. [ISBN:0721643949]
The process in which the renin-angiotensin system controls the rate of fluid intake and output into the blood. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:tb, ISBN:0721643949]
The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of angiotensin by conversion of renin substrate into mature angiotensin in the blood. [ISBN:0721643949]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0721662544, PMID:10535314]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0721662544]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0815332181]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which a water molecule bound by the side chains of aspartic residues at the active center acts as a nucleophile. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain. [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#ENDOPEPTIDASE]
A direct connection between the cytoplasm of two cells that is formed following the completion of cleavage furrow ingression during cell division. They are usually present only briefly prior to completion of cytokinesis. However, in some cases, such as the bridges between germ cells during their development, they become stabilised. [PMID:9635420]
A preribosomal complex consisting of 27SA, 27SB, and/or 7S pre-rRNA, 5S rRNA, ribosomal proteins including late-associating large subunit proteins, and associated proteins; a precursor of the eukaryotic cytoplasmic large ribosomal subunit. [PMID:10567516]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a large ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis. [GOC:jl]
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. [ISBN:0198506732]
The orderly movement of a smooth muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. [CL:0000192, GOC:mtg_muscle]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. [ISBN:0878932453]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein. [GOC:ai]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the trans-Golgi network. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:txnOH]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers. [ISBN:0198547684]
The process in which any suture between cranial and/or facial bones is generated and organized. [GOC:pr, GOC:sl, Wikipedia:Cranial_sutures, Wikipedia:Head_and_neck_anatomy#Musculoskeletal_system]
The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules. [GOC:hb]
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. [GOC:mah]
A heterodimeric enzyme complex, which in mammals is composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, and which associates with an accessory protein Rep (Rab escort protein). Catalyzes of the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl group from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to a Rab protein. [GOC:jl, PMID:11886217]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ai, GOC:ebc, GOC:vw]
The covalent attachment of a geranylgeranyl group to a protein. [GOC:jl]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. [GOC:mah]
The process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein. [GOC:curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Rab protein, any member of the Rab subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Prevents the dissociation of GDP from a GTPase, thereby preventing GTP from binding. [GOC:mah]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae. [GOC:ai]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
Any negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:pm, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19168129]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. [GOC:mah]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively). [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, MetaCyc:FAO-PWY]
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group, other than amino-acyl, from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA = CoA + 3-oxoacyl-CoA. [EC:2.3.1.16]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A membrane-tethered, short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum) that is similar in structure to a centriole and derives from it. The cilium basal body is the site of assembly and remodelling of the cilium and serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth. As well as anchoring the cilium, it is thought to provide a selective gateway regulating the entry of ciliary proteins and vesicles by intraflagellar transport. [GOC:cilia, GOC:clt, PMID:21750193]
The smaller subcomplex of the intraciliary transport particle; characterized complexes have molecular weights of 710-760 kDa. [GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, PMID:14570576]
The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. [GOC:bf, GOC:cilia, ISBN:0198547684]
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia, GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:pr, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:13978319, PMID:27350441, Reactome:R-HSA-5617833.2]
The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum) toward the cell body, mediated by motor proteins. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A multiprotein protein complex containing membrane-localized Wnt receptors and cytosolic protein complexes, which is capable of transmitting the Wnt signal. Contains at least a Wnt protein, LRP5 or LRP6, a member of the Frizzled (Fz) family, Axin and and a Dishevelled (DVL) protein. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:22899650, PMID:25336320]
Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]
The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. [GOC:go_curators]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines. [GOC:nln]
The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites. [GOC:go_curators]
A cytoplasmic protein complex containing glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK-3-beta), the adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), and the scaffolding protein axin, among others; phosphorylates beta-catenin, targets it for degradation by the proteasome. [PMID:14600025]
An intracellular macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules. [GOC:krc, GOC:vesicles]
The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon or dendrite. [ISBN:0815316194]
An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane in asymetric synapses. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dos, GOC:ef, GOC:jid, GOC:pr, GOC:sjp, http://molneuro.kaist.ac.kr/psd, PMID:14532281, Wikipedia:Postsynaptic_density]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation. [GOC:BHF]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. [GOC:rph, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:TermGenie]
A series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with withdrawal of a ligand from a cell surface receptor, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:15044679, PMID:20816705]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior temporal gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The superior temporal gyrus is a portion of the cerebral cortex that extends from the lateral sulcus to the superior temporal sulcus. [FMA:61905, GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, PMID:11484000]
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:18701708]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, PMID:11532397, PMID:19619488]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of an NFAT protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. [GOC:bf]
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation). [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. [CL:0000136, GOC:go_curators]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the positive regulation of apoptotic process. [GOC:BHF, GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
An increase in the epigenetic methylation of cytosine and adenosine residues in a CpG island in DNA. CpG islands are genomic regions that contain a high frequency of the CG dinucleotide and are often associated with the transcription start site of genes. [GOC:jl, Wikipedia:Cpg_island]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-3 stimulus. [GOC:yaf, PR:000001387]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus. [GOC:bf]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a microtubule. [GOC:bf, GOC:lb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. [GOC:mah]
The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0878937420, UBERON:0002421]
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine. [RESID:AA0038]
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine. [RESID:AA0037]
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:pf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, PMID:11532397]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. [GOC:mtg_muscle]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. [GOC:ef]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. [GOC:dgh, GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0471245208, ISBN:0721662544]
Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators]
A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:mtg_muscle]
De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:pg, GOC:pr, ISBN:0198506732]
The series of molecular signals generated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB. [PMID:10390516]
The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. [GOC:jl]
Heritable alterations in the activity of a gene that depend on whether it passed through the paternal or the maternal germline, but that are not encoded by DNA itself. [GOC:ems, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:11498578]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix. [GOC:hjd]
A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. [GOC:dph, PMID:14701881]
The resumption of the mitotic cell division cycle by cells that were in a quiescent or other non-dividing state. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + tau-protein = ADP + O-phospho-tau-protein. [EC:2.7.11.26, MetaCyc:TAU-PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or both of the catalytic subunits of protein kinase A. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins. [GOC:vp]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the beta subunit of the catenin complex. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one of the p53 family of proteins. [GOC:hjd]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protease or peptidase. [GOC:hjd]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
A ubiquitin ligase complex containing Parkin (PARK2), the F-box protein FBXW7 (also called SEL-10) and a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily; substrate specificity is conferred by the F-box protein. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:12628165]
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1). [PMID:15571813, PMID:15688063]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein ubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. [GOC:BHF]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24270810]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation (mitophagy). [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:autophagy, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24600391]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21669198]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin transferase activity. [GOC:ai, GOC:tb]
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein. [GOC:mah]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by an SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) complex, and mediated by the proteasome. [PMID:15380083]
The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein. [GOC:ai]
The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become tethered to each other. [GOC:jh, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Increases the activity of a ubiquitin-protein transferase, an enzyme that catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to lysine in a substrate protein. [GOC:rb, PMID:18321851]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a phosphorylated threonine residue within a protein. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins. [GOC:vp]
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more protein molecules, or a protein and another macromolecule or complex, through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cyclins, proteins whose levels in a cell varies markedly during the cell cycle, rising steadily until mitosis, then falling abruptly to zero. As cyclins reach a threshold level, they are thought to drive cells into G2 phase and thus to mitosis. [GOC:ai]
Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached. [GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0815316194]
The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. [ISBN:0815316194]
The dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of a epithelial cells in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell. [GOC:sl, ISBN:0815316194]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:dph, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:20935145]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aerobic respiration. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19266076]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of muscle. [GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis. [GOC:BHF]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a muscle system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in a muscle system. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade. [GOC:mah]
The process in which bones are generated and organized. [GOC:dph]
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:lm, GOC:mtg_muscle]
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle growth. [GOC:lm, PMID:15726494, PMID:15907921]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_muscle, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a denervation stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. [GOC:mtg_muscle]
The process of conversion of fast-contracting muscle fibers to a slower character. This may involve slowing of contractile rate, slow myosin gene induction, increase in oxidative metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]
A process, occurring in skeletal muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse. [GOC:mtg_muscle]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the force of skeletal muscle contraction. The force of skeletal muscle contraction is produced by acto-myosin interaction processes through the formation of cross bridges. [GOC:mtg_muscle]
A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments. [GOC:clt]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features. [GOC:go_curators]
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. [ISBN:0716731185]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of an enhancer, a transcription regulatory region that is somewhat distal from the core promoter and which enhances transcription from that promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A cilium which may have a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors. [GOC:cilia, GOC:dgh, GOC:kmv, PMID:17009929, PMID:20144998, PMID:22118931]
The ring-like, filamentous structure located at the distal end of the midpiece of the sperm flagellum; the annulus is thought to form a diffusion barrier between the midpiece and the principal piece and serve as a stabilizing structure for tail rigidity. [GOC:cjm, MP:0009834]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The portion of the photoreceptor cell cilium linking the photoreceptor inner and outer segments. It's considered to be equivalent to the ciliary transition zone. [GOC:cilia, PMID:15917207, PMID:22653444, PMID:8718680]
A protein complex containing septins.  Typically, these complexes contain multiple septins and are oligomeric. [GOC:mah, PMID:15385632]
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172, ISBN:0815316194]
The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. [GOC:bf, GOC:cilia, ISBN:0198547684]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells. [GOC:di, GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]
Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ai, GOC:ebc, GOC:vw]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The directed movement of a toxin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:dph, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:17118486]
Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ai, GOC:ebc, GOC:vw]
Modulates the activity of a phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule. [GOC:ai]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule. [ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-alpha-cholest-7-en-3-beta-ol = 5-alpha-cholest-8-en-3-beta-ol. [EC:5.3.3.5, MetaCyc:CHOLESTENOL-DELTA-ISOMERASE-RXN]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. [CHEBI:15904, GOC:ajp]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a very-long-chain carboxylic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22. [CHEBI:27283, EC:6.2.1.3, GOC:mah]
Enables the directed movement of fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a long-chain fatty acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. [CHEBI:15904, EC:6.2.1.3]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai, http://www.onelook.com/]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:sart, PMID:19135896, PMID:21041441]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein. [GOC:ai]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation. [GOC:obol]
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the primitive streak from unspecified parts. The primitive streak is a ridge of cells running along the midline of the embryo where the mesoderm ingresses. It defines the anterior-posterior axis. [GOC:dph, GOC:sdb_2009, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development. [GOC:go_curators]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Regions within compact myelin in which the cytoplasmic faces of the enveloping myelin sheath are not tightly juxtaposed, and include cytoplasm from the cell responsible for making the myelin. Schmidt-Lanterman incisures occur in the compact myelin internode, while lateral loops are analogous structures found in the paranodal region adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier. [GOC:dgh]
Non-compact myelin located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier in a myelin segment. These non-compact regions include cytoplasm from the cell responsible for synthesizing the myelin. Lateral loops are found in the paranodal region adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier, while Schmidt-Lantermann clefts are analogous structures found within the compact myelin internode. [GOC:dgh]
The region of the myelin sheath nearest to the axon. [GOC:BHF, PMID:20237282]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization of an epithelial cell. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction, an occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet. [GOC:mah]
Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, the abaxonal region of the myelin sheath. The abaxonal region is the region of the myelin sheath furthest from the axon. [GOC:BHF, PMID:20237282]
The process in which the structure and material content of mature peripheral nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state. [GOC:dgh]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific domain of a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme histone deacetylase. [GOC:jl]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363]
Combining with any modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or other polyanionic ligand and delivering the ligand into the cell via endocytosis. Ligands include acetylated and oxidized LDL, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, apoptotic cells, beta-amyloid fibrils, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). [GOC:bf, PMID:11790542, PMID:12379907, PMID:12621157, PMID:20981357]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of type I and type II keratins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins. [http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/intermediate_filaments.htm, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a keratin filament, an intermediate filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. [GOC:krc, PMID:6170061]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or its assembly within or outside a cell. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
The growing (plus) end of a microtubule. In vitro, microtubules polymerize more quickly at the plus end than at the minus end. In vivo, microtubule growth occurs only at the plus end, and the plus end switches between periods of growth and shortening, a behavior known as dynamic instability. [GOC:bf, GOC:lb, PMID:12700769, PMID:16643273]
Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the plus end of a microtubule. [GOC:ai, PMID:14557818, PMID:14614826]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers. [GOC:krc]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of leukemia inhibitory factor to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:devbiol, GOC:signaling]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of oncostatin-M (OSM) to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. OSM can signal via at least two different receptors (a specific receptor and a LIF receptor) to activate different downstream signal transduction pathways. [GOC:nhn, GOC:signaling, PMID:10579456, PMID:12811586]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus. [GOC:sl]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:19295629]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any growth factor, proteins or polypeptides that stimulate a cell or organism to grow or proliferate. [GOC:curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor. [GOC:ai]
Combining with oncostatin-M and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
Combining with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
Combining with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
Combining with a cytokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]
An extracellular region part that consists of a protective layer of mucus secreted by epithelial cells lining tubular organs of the body such as the colon or secreted into fluids such as saliva. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins (i.e. highly glycosylated mucin proteins) and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, GOC:mm2, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucin, PMID:18806221, PMID:19432394]
The side of a membrane that faces the cytoplasm. [GOC:dos]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that have some covalently attached part (e.g. peptide sequence or GPI anchor) which is embedded in the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane only. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12154375, PMID:9133426]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction. [GOC:bf]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of a MAP kinase. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP). [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which an epidermal growth factor-activated receptor is activated via signaling events from a G-protein coupled receptor. This is an example of cross-talk between the EGF and GPCR signaling pathways. [GOC:bf, GOC:BHF, PMID:10622253, PMID:17655843]
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase B. [GOC:pg]
A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [http://www.graylab.ac.uk/omd/]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels. [GOC:jl]
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell.  Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an alpha-2A adrenergic receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha2-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gi alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein. [GOC:cb, GOC:mah, IUPHAR_GPCR:1274]
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, IUPHAR_GPCR:1274]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis. [GOC:ems]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. [ISBN:0198547684]
Functions in chain elongation during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical at the level of the cell. [GOC:isa_complete, GOC:jid]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ebc, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. [GOC:bf, GOC:curators, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the size of a cell. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme histone deacetylase. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in nonspecific suppression of gene activity. [GOC:jl]
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ai, GOC:ebc]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai, http://www.onelook.com/]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:sart, PMID:19135896, PMID:21041441]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. [GOC:bf, GOC:cilia, ISBN:0198547684]
The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. [GOC:bf, GOC:cilia, GOC:jl, ISBN:0815316194]
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin gene expression. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin gene expression. This includes transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational regulation. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. [GOC:dgh]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a section of chromatin that is associated with gene promoter sequences of DNA. [PMID:19948729]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a leucine zipper domain, a protein secondary structure exhibiting a periodic repetition of leucine residues at every seventh position over a distance covering eight helical turns. [GOC:jl, InterPro:IPR002158]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism. [GOC:pm, PMID:9302272, UniProtKB-KW:KW-0576]
The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid bbeta-oxidation. [GOC:mah]
Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. Protein maturation is the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein. [GOC:curators, GOC:jl, GOC:jsg]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine). [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE, ISBN:0716720094]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protease or peptidase. [GOC:hjd]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, ISBN:08789310662000]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [ISBN:0471245208]
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0185316194]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Enables the transfer of metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05]
The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:16959967]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron. [GOC:ai]
The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-tyrosine to form peptidyl-tyrosine. [GOC:bf]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament. [GOC:mah]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein. [GOC:hb]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate. [EC:3.1.3, EC:3.1.3.41, GOC:curators, GOC:pg]
Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. [EC:3.1.3.48]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments. [GOC:clt]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal. [GOC:go_curators]
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins. [http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/intermediate_filaments.htm, ISBN:0198506732]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or its assembly within or outside a cell. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking. [GOC:ai]
The cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:12230507]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized. [GOC:ln]
A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700). [GOC:PO_curators]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue. [GOC:add]
Establishment of the epithelial barrier, the functional barrier in the skin that limits its permeability. [GOC:dph]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving linoleic acid, an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that has the molecular formula C18H32O2. [Wikipedia:Linoleic_Acid]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways by which an unsaturated fatty acid (such as arachidonic acid or linolenic acid) is converted to other compounds, and in which the first step is hydroperoxide formation catalyzed by lipoxygenase. [GOC:mah, PMID:17163881]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the reaction: linoleate + O2 = (9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroperoxy-10,12-octadecadienoate. [EC:1.13.11.58, GOC:rph, RHEA:30294]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which both atoms of oxygen from one molecule of O2 are incorporated into the (reduced) product(s) of the reaction. The two atoms of oxygen may be distributed between two different products. [DOI:10.1016/S0040-4020(03)00944-X, GOC:bf, http://www.onelook.com/]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and two oxygen atoms is incorporated into a donor. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O(2) = (5Z,8Z,10E,12S,14Z)-12-hydroperoxyicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoate. [EC:1.13.11.31, RHEA:10431]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms. [GOC:ai, GOC:ef]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell. [GOC:go_curators]
The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species. [CHEBI:18421, GOC:jl]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring. [CHEBI:30413, GOC:ai]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a heme protein. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = NAD(P)+ + hydrogen peroxide. [EC:1.6.3.1]
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b(5) = NAD(P)+ + 2 ferrocytochrome b(5). [EC:1.6.2.2, ISBN:0198547684]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface. [GOC:dos, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-8 secretion. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interferon-gamma secretion. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:als, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19109405]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granzyme B. [GOC:mah]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation. [GOC:mah]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05]
The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell resulting from exposure a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, PMID:15032583]
The change in morphology and behavior of a dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. [GOC:mgi_curators, ISBN:0781735149]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with major histocompatibility complex class I molecules; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation. [GOC:jl]
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
Protection of epithelial surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract from proteolytic and caustic digestive agents. [GOC:mah]
Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a small monomeric GTPase. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a peroxisomal targeting sequence, any of several sequences of amino acids within a protein that can act as a signal for the localization of the protein into the peroxisome. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0879693568]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a complex formed of a peroxisome targeting sequence (PTS) receptor bound to a PTS-bearing protein docks with translocation machinery in the peroxisomal membrane. [PMID:11687502, PMID:11988772, PMID:14754507]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 peroxisome targeting signal, a tripeptide with the consensus sequence (S/A/C)-(K/R/H)-L. [GOC:mah, PMID:11687502]
Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus. [GOC:ai]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytosol of a cell or between the cytosol and its surroundings. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:rph]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom. [CHEBI:25179, GOC:curators]
The directed movement of manganese (Mn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
A ligand-gated ion channel activity which transports calcium in response to emptying of intracellular calcium stores. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:15788710]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a calcium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. [GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size). [GOC:cy, GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
The tightly packed helical sheath of ATP-producing mitochondria restricted to the midpiece of the sperm flagellum. [GOC:cjm, MP:0009832]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A microtubule-based flagellum (or cilium) that is part of a sperm, a mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid. [GOC:cilia, GOC:sart, PMID:8441407]
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:mah]
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae. [GOC:ai]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleotide to produce a phosphorylated nucleoside. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving AMP, adenosine monophosphate. [GOC:go_curators]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP or GTP, to a nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or polynucleotide substrate. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a phosphate group (acceptor). [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + AMP = 2 ADP. [EC:2.7.4.3]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of uterine smooth muscle contraction. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. [GOC:jid, PMID:10203867, PMID:12723742, PMID:12843304, Wikipedia:Pain]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a tachykinin, i.e. a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2), binding to a cell surface receptor. [GOC:mah, PMID:14723970]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Combining with a tachykinin neuropeptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf, PMID:7639617, Wikipedia:Tachykinin]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-D-glucose + phosphate = D-glucose-1-P + GDP. [PMID:18463094]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11, PMID:20811974, PMID:9561267]
The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle. [CL:0000188, GOC:BHF, GOC:vk]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:bf]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. [GOC:dph]
Replacement ossification wherein bone tissue replaces cartilage. [GO_REF:0000034, ISBN:0878932437]
The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone. [CL:0000062, GO_REF:0000034, GOC:jid]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme histone deacetylase. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an activating transcription factor, any protein whose activity is required to initiate or upregulate transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification). [GOC:go_curators]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription. [GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart looping. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]
A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest. [GOC:BHF]
The developmental process in which the mammary placode forms. The mammary placode is a transient lens shaped structure that will give rise to the mammary bud proper. [GOC:dph, PMID:16168142]
The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape. [GOC:dph]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pharynx from an initial condition to its mature state. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth. [GOC:dph, GOC:rk]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation. [GOC:dph, GOC:rph]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The palate is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0721662544]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:lm]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, UBERON:0002544]
The progression of the atrioventricular canal over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The atrioventricular canal is the part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle. [GOC:BHF, GOC:gr, PMID:14701881, UBERON:0002087, ZFA:0001315]
The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body. [GOC:bf, GOC:dgh, MA:0000062, UBERON:0000947, Wikipedia:Aorta]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
An aging process that has as participant a cell after a cell has stopped dividing. Cell aging may occur when a cell has temporarily stopped dividing through cell cycle arrest (GO:0007050) or when a cell has permanently stopped dividing, in which case it is undergoing cellular senescence (GO:0090398). May precede cell death (GO:0008219) and succeed cell maturation (GO:0048469). [GOC:PO_curators]
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a muscle cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [CL:0000187, GOC:go_curators]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:signaling]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the differentiation of a myocardial precursor cell. [GOC:mtg_heart]
The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. [GOC:mtg_heart]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. [GOC:mtg_heart, UBERON:0004145]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract. [GOC:mtg_heart]
The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products that are tethered to the membrane only by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid group, that is embedded in the membrane. Gene products with peptide sequences that are embedded in the membrane are excluded from this grouping. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corpus callosum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provide communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:curators, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. [ISBN:0879693568]
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. [ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:ebc, GOC:mtg_15nov05, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:jl]
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its cytoplasmic surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:mah]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:ebc, GOC:mtg_15nov05, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own tyrosine amino acid residues, or a tyrosine residue on an identical protein. [PMID:10037737, PMID:10068444, PMID:10940390]
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ceb, GOC:signaling]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein L-tyrosine = ADP + protein L-tyrosine phosphate by a non-membrane spanning protein. [EC:2.7.10.2]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. [EC:2.7.10]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement. [GOC:pg]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, ISBN:0781765196]
The expansion of a memory T cell population by cell division. [GOC:dph, PMID:14647273]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The movement of a dendritic cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. [CL:0000451, GOC:nhn, PMID:19339990]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals. [GOC:mah]
The formation of an area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and target cell, which facilitates activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:11244041, PMID:11376330]
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. [GOC:kd, GOC:mah]
A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription. [GOC:jl]
A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. [GOC:go_curators, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/complex/documentation/]
A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription. [GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:obol]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis. [PMID:21513708]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis. [GOC:dph]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development. [GOC:obol]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pri-miRNA transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24699545]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, GOC:yaf]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, GOC:yaf]
The process in which the cochlea is generated and organized. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of a nephron in the metanephros. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the ureter are generated and organized. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell in the ureter. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urothelium of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urothelium is an epithelium that makes up the epithelial tube of the ureter. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
The progression of a metanephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
Signaling at short range between cells of the ureteric bud terminus and the kidney mesenchyme that positively regulates the formation of the renal vesicle. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otic vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus. [GOC:ecd, PMID:15451575]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heparin stimulus. [GOC:mah, GOC:yaf]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus. [GOC:mah]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the Harderian gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Harderian gland is an anterior orbital structure usually associated with the nictitating membrane, and produces and secretes a variety of substances to the eye, depending upon the species. [GOC:hjd, PMID:16856596, PMID:7559104]
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK1 or ERK2 (MAPKs), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. [GOC:add, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0121245462, ISBN:0896039986, PMID:20811974]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds. [GOC:mah]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph]
The process in which the anatomical structures of a branched epithelium are generated and organized. [GOC:dph]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. [GOC:dph, GOC:yaf]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. [GOC:dph]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation resulting in the maintenance of a steady-state number of cells within a tissue. [GOC:dph]
A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tracheal cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. [GOC:dph]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]
The multiplication of epithelial cells, contributing to the expansion of the primary prostatic bud. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]
The process in which the anatomical structures of a prostate gland are generated and organized. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung. [GOC:dph]
The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]
The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone. [GOC:dph, PMID:11680679]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell. [GOC:dph]
The process pertaining to the initial formation of a limb bud from unspecified parts. This process begins with the formation of a local condensation of mesenchyme cells within the prospective limb field, and ends when a limb bud is recognizable. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, ISBN:0815340729]
The commitment of a cells to a specific astrocyte fate and its restriction to develop only into an astrocyte. [GOC:dph]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate. [GOC:dph]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Sertoli cell. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. [GOC:dph]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0051070, GOC:cjm, http://www.onelook.com]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. [GOC:ai]
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in a tissue. [GOC:isa_complete]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system. [GOC:vp, PMID:15139015]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_muscle]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features. [GOC:go_curators]
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. [ISBN:0716731185]
A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (also called AKT), which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. [GOC:bf, PMID:20517722]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
The progression of the intrahepatic bile ducts over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Intrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts within the liver) collect bile from bile canaliculi in the liver, and connect to the extrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts outside the liver). [GOC:bf, PMID:20614624]
Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0582227089]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the nucleus. [GOC:ecd]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lacrimal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lacrimal gland produces secretions that lubricate and protect the cornea of the eye. [GOC:ln]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. [GOC:mah]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. [GOC:cvs]
The process resulting in the transition of the otic placode into the otic vesicle, a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear. [GOC:dgh]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column. [GOC:dgh]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. Its development starts with the formation of the mammary line and ends as the mature gland cycles between nursing and weaning stages. [PMID:9576833]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. [GOC:mah]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid. [PMID:11839751]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone formation. [GOC:go_curators]
The specification of male sex of an individual organism. [GOC:mah]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah]
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Includes production of cAMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. [GOC:signaling]
The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in a male organism's germ line. [GOC:mah]
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules, where both cells are part of the same organism. [GOC:hb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade. [GOC:ef]
The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. [GOC:dh, GOC:ef]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. [GOC:jid, UBERON:0000948]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. [GOC:bf, GOC:jid, ISBN:0582227089]
The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [GOC:jid, ISBN:9780878933846]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:signaling]
A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ceb, PR:000006933]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex. [GOC:ai]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation. [GOC:jid, GOC:vw, PMID:12697820]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA. [GOC:mah]
The growth of a chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. [GOC:mtg_heart]
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a heart valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. [GOC:mtg_heart]
The process in which the structure of a heart valve is generated and organized. [GOC:mtg_heart]
The progression of a heart valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A heart valve is a structure that restricts the flow of blood to different regions of the heart and forms from an endocardial cushion. [GOC:mtg_heart]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. [GOC:add]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. [GOC:dph]
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. [GOC:dph]
The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells. [GOC:dph]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open. [GOC:dph, UBERON:0002073]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. [GOC:hjd]
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. [GOC:add, GOC:isa_complete]
A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. [GOC:dph, PMID:14701881]
The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules. [GOC:dph, PMID:16916378]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [GOC:mtg_mpo, PMID:17572649]
The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes. [ISBN:0878932437]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb, http://www.stedmans.com/]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an intronic sequence of a pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA). [GOC:ans, PMID:16260624]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, SO:0005836]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an enhancer, a transcription regulatory region that is somewhat distal from the core promoter and which enhances transcription from that promoter. [GOC:sart, GOC:txnOH, SO:0000165]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or both of the catalytic subunits of protein kinase A. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the beta subunit of the catenin complex. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in a distal enhancer region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in the transcription regulatory region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of an enhancer, a transcription regulatory region that is somewhat distal from the core promoter and which enhances transcription from that promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is part of a core promoter region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the basal transcription machinery. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon. [GOC:txnOH]
A lipoprotein particle, rich in cholesterol esters and low in triglycerides that is typically composed of APOB100 and APOE and has a density of 1.02-1.06 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-25 nm. LDL particles are formed from VLDL particles (via IDL) by the loss of triglyceride and gain of cholesterol ester. They transport endogenous cholesterol (and to some extent triglycerides) from peripheral tissues back to the liver. [GOC:BHF, GOC:expert_pt, GOC:mah, GOC:rl]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli. [ISBN:0198547684]
The modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of one or more amino acids or the lipid group, occurring in the blood plasma. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
The removal of one or more electrons from a lipid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL. [GOC:BHF, GOC:expert_pt, GOC:mah, GOC:rl]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. This reaction does not require Ca2+. [EC:3.1.1.4]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acetate. [EC:3.1.1.47]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions. [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0815332181]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of C-terminal amino acid residues from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions. [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CARBOXYPEPTIDASE, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal or penultimate peptide bond at the C-terminal end of a peptide or polypeptide. [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
The process in which the spongiotrophoblast layer of the placenta progresses from its formation to its mature state. [GOC:dph]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. [GOC:dgh, ISBN:0198506732]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells. [GOC:add, GOC:rl, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16551251]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
A spliceosomal complex that is formed by association of the 5' splice site with the U1 snRNP, while the branch point sequence is recognized by the U2 snRNP. The prespliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U1 and U2 snRNPs. Commitment to a given pair of 5' and 3' splice sites occurs at the time of prespliceosome formation. [GOC:ab, GOC:krc, GOC:mah, PMID:17332742, PMID:19239890]
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U1. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah]
Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns. [GOC:kmv, SO:0000234]
A protein complex involved in stress-induced mitophagy (mitochondrial degradation). In mammals it consists of heat shock protein HSP90 and its co-chaperone CDC37. Experimental evidence suggests that the complex enables the autophosphorylation of ULK1. Phosphorylated ULK1 in turn phosphorylates ATG13 which is an essential step in mitophagy. HSP90-CDC37 binding prevents rapid ubiquitin-dependent proteosomal degradation of its targets. [GOC:bhm, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, IntAct:EBI-9990131, IntAct:EBI-9990540, PMID:21855797, PMID:22939624]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The macromitophagy process that is triggered by a detection of the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. [GOC:PARL, PMID:18200046, PMID:23985961]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway. A type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of a type I interferon binding to a cell surface receptor. [GOC:dph]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor. [GOC:dph]
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:rb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Hsp90 proteins, any of a group of heat shock proteins around 90kDa in size. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chaperone protein, a class of proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport. [http://www.onelook.com]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a heat shock protein, any protein synthesized or activated in response to heat shock. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group. [GOC:jl]
Modulates the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein. [GOC:ai]
A phospholipid microvesicle that is derived from any of several cell types, such as platelets, blood cells, endothelial cells, or others, and contains membrane receptors as well as other proteins characteristic of the parental cell. Microparticles are heterogeneous in size, and are characterized as microvesicles free of nucleic acids. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, PMID:16373184]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0781735149]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0815332181]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine). [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE, ISBN:0716720094]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary. [CL:0000192, GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. [GOC:dgh]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lymph vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, UBERON:0001473]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The larger of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). [GOC:mcc]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the hydrolysis of internal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of ribonucleotides. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The RNA metabolic process in which the phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides are cleaved by hydrolysis. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in a mitochondrion. [GOC:mah]
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA with 5'-phosphomonoesters and 3'-OH termini; makes two staggered cuts in both strands of dsRNA, leaving a 3' overhang of 2 nt. [PMID:11157775, PMID:15242644]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A protein complex that functions in the retrotranslocation step of ERAD (ER-associated protein degradation), and includes at its core Derlin-1 oligomers forming a retrotranslocation channel. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:15215856, PMID:16186510]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products that are tethered to the membrane only by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid group that is embedded in the membrane. Gene products with peptide sequences that are embedded in the membrane are excluded from this grouping. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:18555783]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:rph, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:17872946]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein lipidation. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:rph, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21909394]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a domain within the same polypeptide. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:kmv, GOC:rph, PMID:10930469, PMID:15601896, PMID:16246101, PMID:21556374, PMID:21562044]
A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:15121898]
Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane. [GOC:mah, GOC:pz, GOC:vesicles]
Any dynein complex with a homodimeric dynein heavy chain core that catalyzes movement along a microtubule. Cytoplasmic dynein complexes participate in many cytoplasmic transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Some complexes participate in intraflagellar transport. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes, and may include light chains and light intermediate chains. [GOC:cilia, GOC:hla, GOC:krc, GOC:mah, PMID:12600311]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Either of the ends of a spindle, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules. [GOC:clt]
A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules. [GOC:elh]
The directed movement of a vesicle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination. [GOC:ecd, GOC:rl]
A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components.  Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules. [GOC:cjm, ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a light chain of the dynein complex. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with spectrin, a protein that is the major constituent of the erythrocyte cytoskeletal network. It associates with band 4.1 (see band protein) and actin to form the cytoskeletal superstructure of the erythrocyte plasma membrane. It is composed of nonhomologous chains, alpha and beta, which aggregate side-to-side in an antiparallel fashion to form dimers, tetramers, and higher polymers. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:pf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration]
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. [GOC:ai, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a GTPase activating protein. [GOC:nln]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Rho protein, any member of the Rho subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. Proteins in the Rho subfamily are involved in relaying signals from cell-surface receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. [ISBN:0198547684, PMID:12581856]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments. [GOC:clt]
The portion of the nuclear lumen proximal to the inner nuclear membrane. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah]
A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Rictor (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of PKB (also called AKT). In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Avo1p, Avo2p, Tsc11p, Lst8p, Bit61p, Slm1p, Slm2p, and Tor2p. [GOC:bf, GOC:jh, PMID:14736892, PMID:15780592, PMID:16469695, PMID:21548787]
A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of S6K. In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Kog1p, Lst8p, Tco89p, and either Tor1p or Tor2p. [GOC:jh, PMID:15780592, PMID:16469695, PMID:21548787]
Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins. [GOC:ma, PMID:10330182]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TORC2 signaling. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:25590601]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TORC1 signaling. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:25366275]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity. [GOC:mah]
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Hsp90 proteins, any of a group of heat shock proteins around 90kDa in size. [GOC:ai]
A structural molecule activity that provides a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein complex. The scaffold may or may not be part of the final complex. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24270810]
A protein ubiquitination process in which ubiquitin monomers are attached to a protein, and then ubiquitin polymers are formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 11 of the ubiquitin monomers. K11-linked polyubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation. The anaphase-promoting complex promotes the degradation of mitotic regulators by assembling K11-linked polyubiquitin chains. [GOC:jsg, GOC:pr, GOC:sp, PMID:18485873, PMID:20655260, PMID:21113135]
A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K48-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation. [GOC:cvs, PMID:15556404]
The ubiquitination by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein. Ubiquitination occurs on the lysine residue by formation of an isopeptide crosslink. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein. [GOC:ai]
Addition of a single ubiquitin group to a protein. [GOC:ai]
Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain. [ISBN:0815316194]
Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y -> Y-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:dph]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y --> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:jh2, PMID:9635407]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis. [ISBN:0815316194]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of queuosines, any of a series of nucleosides found in tRNA and having an additional pentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methylguanosine. The pentenyl ring may carry other substituents. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA guanine + queuine = tRNA queuine + guanine. [EC:2.4.2.29]
The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22. [CHEBI:27283, GOC:go_curators]
The elongation of a fatty acid chain by the sequential addition of two-carbon units. [ISBN:0716720094]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. [GOC:ma]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
A pre-organized unit composed either of adhesion molecules (mainly integrins and members of the Ig superfamily), signaling receptors and/or enzyme-enriched plasma membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes. Tetraspanin-enriched microdomains might be specially suited for the regulation of avidity of adhesion receptors and the compartmentalization of enzymatic activities. [GOC:ans, PMID:19709882, PMID:21930792]
The portion of endoplasmic reticulum, the intracellular network of tubules and cisternae, that occurs near the nucleus. The lumen of the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum is contiguous with the nuclear envelope lumen (also called perinuclear space), the region between the inner and outer nuclear membranes. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:mcc, GOC:pr, GOC:vw]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane in asymetric synapses. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dos, GOC:ef, GOC:jid, GOC:pr, GOC:sjp, http://molneuro.kaist.ac.kr/psd, PMID:14532281, Wikipedia:Postsynaptic_density]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0815316208]
Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell. [GOC:mah]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain that occurs constantly, regardless of environmental conditions or demands. [PMID:12714508]
The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain that occurs after induction by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C agonist. [PMID:12714508]
The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. [GOC:mgi_curators, ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. [GOC:go_curators]
Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. Protein maturation is the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein. [GOC:curators, GOC:jl, GOC:jsg]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:signaling]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. [GOC:go_curators]
The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain). [GOC:jl, http://www.copewithcytokines.de/]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions. [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions. [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#ENDOPEPTIDASE]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain. [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#ENDOPEPTIDASE]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule. [GOC:mah]
The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in a tRNA molecule. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in a tRNA molecule. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals. [GOC:mah]
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. [GOC:kd, GOC:mah]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of an uridylyl group to an acceptor. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate + UTP = diphosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine. [EC:2.7.7.23, RHEA:13512]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. [PMID:16645198, PMID:20044567]
A protein complex that contains a disulfide-linked heterodimer of T cell receptor (TCR) chains, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and mediates antigen recognition, ultimately resulting in T cell activation. The TCR heterodimer is associated with the CD3 complex, which consists of the nonpolymorphic polypeptides gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and, in some cases, eta (an RNA splice variant of zeta) or Fc epsilon chains. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0781735149]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
An area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell formed through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and the target cell and facilitating activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:11244041, PMID:11376300]
The regulated release of interleukin-2 from a cell. [GOC:mah, PMID:16930574]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:15087454, PMID:15170030]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. [GOC:ai]
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells. [GOC:isa_complete]
A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. [GOC:mgi_curators, ISBN:0781735140]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2. [GOC:go_curators]
The process of T cell selection that occurs in the thymus. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12414722]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. [GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. [GOC:mgi_curators, ISBN:0781735140]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation. [GOC:ai]
The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation. [GOC:jl]
The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment T cell activation. [ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_15nov05]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CARD (N-terminal caspase recruitment) domain, a protein-protein interaction domain that belongs to the death domain-fold superfamily. These protein molecule families are similar in structure with each consisting of six or seven anti-parallel alpha-helices that form highly specific homophilic interactions between signaling partners. CARD exists in the N-terminal prodomains of several caspases and in apoptosis-regulatory proteins and mediates the assembly of CARD-containing proteins that participate in activation or suppression of CARD carrying members of the caspase family. [PMID:12054670]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell. [GOC:ai]
A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. [GOC:dgh]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. [ISBN:0198547684]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any large molecule including proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, as carried out by individual cells. [CHEBI:33694, GOC:jl]
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement. [GOC:mah]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, they include hyaluronic acid and chondroitin, which provide lubrication in joints and form part of the matrix of cartilage. The three-dimensional structure of these molecules enables them to trap water, which forms a gel and gives glycosaminoglycans their elastic properties. [ISBN:0192800981]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues. [ISBN:0198506732]
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. [GOC:ai]
Any process that reduces the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:jid]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases. [GOC:mah]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate transport. [GOC:hjd]
A spherical, electron dense, cytoplasmic structure that is involved in de novo assembly of centrioles. [GOC:cilia, GOC:dos, PMID:24075808, PMID:25047614, PMID:5661997]
A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle. [ISBN:0198547684]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a multi-ciliated epithelial cell. [GO_REF:0000086, GOC:sp, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:22231168, PMID:24934224]
Centriole assembly in which a centriole arises de novo by a process involving an electron-dense structure known as a deuterosome, rather than by duplication of an existing centriole, and occurring as part of multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation. [GOC:cilia, GOC:dos, PMID:24075808, PMID:5111878, PMID:5661997]
The cell cycle process in which a daughter centriole is formed perpendicular to an existing centriole. An immature centriole contains a ninefold radially symmetric array of single microtubules; mature centrioles consist of a radial array of nine microtubule triplets, doublets, or singlets depending upon the species and cell type. Duplicated centrioles also become the ciliary basal body in cells that form cilia during G0. [GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:9889124]
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. [GOC:mah, GOC:pz]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. COPII is best characterized in S. cerevisiae, where the subunits are called Sar1p, Sec13p, Sec31p, Sec23p, and Sec24p. Vesicles with COPII coats are found associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes at steady state. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, PMID:11252894]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol homeostasis. [GOC:BHF]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors. [GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:jp, GOC:tb, ISBN:0716731363]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]
The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. [ISBN:0198506732]
The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential. [GOC:nln]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
A thin sheet of proteoglycans and glycoproteins, especially laminin, secreted by cells as an extracellular matrix. [ISBN:0198547684]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, ISBN:0815340729]
The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. [GOC:ecd]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neurotransmitter receptors. [GOC:ai]
A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:15006537, PMID:19643732]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. [GOC:hb, GOC:pf]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192800752]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone. [GOC:dph]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of receptor recycling. [GOC:add]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond. [EC:3.1.1, EC:3.1.1.1, GOC:curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a domain within the same polypeptide. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with laminins, glycoproteins that are major constituents of the basement membrane of cells. [GOC:ecd]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a substrate by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine). [Wikipedia:Serine_hydrolase]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with collagen, a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%). [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: an acylcholine + H2O = choline + a carboxylic acid anion. [EC:3.1.1.8]
Catalysis of the reaction: acetylcholine + H2O = choline + acetate. [EC:3.1.1.7]
The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures. [GOC:mah]
Cytoskeletal structure made from intermediate filaments, typically organized in the cytosol as an extended system that stretches from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane. Some intermediate filaments run parallel to the cell surface, while others traverse the cytosol; together they form an internal framework that helps support the shape and resilience of the cell. [ISBN:0716731363]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA and protein that forms regions of the chromosome that are being actively transcribed. [GOC:sart, PMID:17965872]
The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement. [GOC:pg]
Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:mah]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin cytoskeleton reorganization. [GOC:BHF]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of cell polarity. [GOC:dph]
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase through the replacement of GDP by GTP. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. [GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion assembly, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ebc, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment. [GOC:go_curators]
Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow. [GOC:bf]
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:mah, GOC:rb, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:16143306, PMID:24335649]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center, a structure from which microtubules grow. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, ISBN:08789310662000]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the microtubule constituent protein beta-tubulin. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in nonspecific suppression of gene activity. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nuclear hormone receptor, a ligand-dependent receptor found in the nucleus of the cell. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme histone acetyltransferase. [GOC:bf]
Binds to and increases the activity of an acetyltransferase, an enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to an acceptor molecule. [GOC:dph, GOC:jp, GOC:tb, PMID:18690240]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the basal edge of a cell. [GOC:bf]
Cytoskeletal structure made from intermediate filaments, typically organized in the cytosol as an extended system that stretches from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane. Some intermediate filaments run parallel to the cell surface, while others traverse the cytosol; together they form an internal framework that helps support the shape and resilience of the cell. [ISBN:0716731363]
The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement. [GOC:pg]
Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0815316208]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of basement membrane assembly involved in embryonic body morphogenesis. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:als, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23940118]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:als, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:18394891]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion assembly, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location. [GOC:bf]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion. [GOC:bf]
Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The orderly movement of a lateral motor column neuron from one site to another. A lateral motor column neuron is a motor neuron that is generated only on limb levels and send axons into the limb mesenchyme. [CL:0011002, GOC:yaf, PMID:20711475]
Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation. [GOC:vp, PMID:15139015]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity. [GOC:bf]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
The migration of postmitotic a Purkinje cell along radial glial cells from the ventricular zone to the Purkinje cell layer. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:15157725]
The interaction between two cells that modulates the association of a neuronal cell and a glial cell involved in glial-mediated radial cell migration in the cerebral cortex. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:12626695]
The migration of cells in the developing cerebral cortex in which cells move from the ventricular and/or subventricular zone toward the surface of the brain. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:12626695]
The orderly movement of cells from one site to another in the cerebral cortex. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellum. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0838580343]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
The behavior of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg. [GOC:jid, GOC:pr, ISBN:0198606907]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. [GOC:go_curators]
The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature. [CL:0000540, GOC:go_curators]
A protein complex that consists of three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, organized into a symmetrical three-legged structure called a triskelion. In clathrin-coated vesicles clathrin is the main component of the coat and forms a polymeric mechanical scaffold on the vesicle surface. [GOC:mah, PMID:16493411]
Extended zone of intimate apposition between two cells containing one or more types of intercellular junctions, e.g., the intercalated disk of muscle. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1299635018]
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172, ISBN:0815316194]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell. [GOC:mah, GOC:vesicle]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin cytoskeleton reorganization. [GOC:BHF]
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process in which two or more actin filaments are connected together by proteins that act as crosslinks between the filaments. The crosslinked filaments may be on the same or differing axes. [GOC:ai]
The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization. [GOC:mah]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin. [GOC:ceb]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. [ISBN:0198506732]
Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0815316208]
An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell. [GOC:hb]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules. [GOC:dos]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia. [GOC:pg]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. [GOC:bf]
Any cadherin binding that occurs as part of the process of cell-cell adhesion. [GOC:dos]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the GTP-bound form of the Rho protein. [GOC:mah]
Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:mah]
The volume enclosed by the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:jid]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum. [ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0815316194]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi  and Golgi-to-ER transport. [GOC:pr, PMID:16723730]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:19696797]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of beta-amyloid clearance. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]
Any negative regulation of signal transduction that takes place in extracellular region. [GOC:signaling, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. [GOC:mah]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a very-low-density lipoprotein receptor. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a low-density lipoprotein receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacts with receptors to reduce the action of another ligand, the agonist. [GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells and which consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin cytoskeleton reorganization. [GOC:BHF]
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase through the replacement of GDP by GTP. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf, GOC:isa_complete]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. [GOC:ai]
The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine. [GOC:mah]
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase B. [GOC:pg]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell.  Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ceb, GOC:signaling]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization. [GOC:hjd]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase (MAPK). [PMID:9561267]
Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of that signal. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]
The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation. [ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the neurotrophin p75 receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a neurotrophin receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with FAD, flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in either the oxidized form, FAD, or the reduced form, FADH2. [CHEBI:24040, GOC:ai, GOC:imk, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + NADPH + O(2) + squalene = (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene + H(2)O + NADP(+). [RHEA:25285]
Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0815316208]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any cell cycle regulatory process that prevents the commitment of a cell from G1 to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. [GOC:go_curators]
Any cell cycle regulatory process that decreases the rate or extent of progression of a cell from G2 to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane depolarization. Membrane depolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to positive. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on an ion channel, a protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective ion transport down its electrochemical gradient. [GOC:BHF, GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. [GOC:dgh, GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function. [GOC:ef]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Replacement ossification wherein bone tissue replaces cartilage. [GO_REF:0000034, ISBN:0878932437]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription. [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815332181]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction, an occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet. [GOC:mah]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:19696797]
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html, ISBN:0198506732]
The apical end of the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells. [GOC:hb]
The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell. [GOC:curators]
A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals. [GOC:dgh, GOC:hb, GOC:mah]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific domain of a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface. [GOC:dos, GOC:tb]
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells. [GOC:isa_complete]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lymph nodes over time, from their formation to the mature structure. A lymph node is a round, oval, or bean shaped structure localized in clusters along the lymphatic vessels, with a distinct internal structure including specialized vasculature and B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes. [GOC:add, ISBN:068340007X, ISBN:0781735149]
The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation. [GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:jid, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_15nov05]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:19295629]
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. [GOC:ai]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the size of a cell. [GOC:go_curators]
The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. [GOC:clt, GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
Combining with a cytokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria. [PMID:12588810]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size. [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism. [GOC:lr]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
The terminal region of a linear nuclear chromosome that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins. [GOC:elh]
The THO complex when it is part of the TREX (TRanscription EXport) complex that is involved in coupling transcription to export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1, Tho2, Thp1, and Mft1, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits. [GOC:krc, PMID:11060033, PMID:11979277, PMID:16983072]
The THO complex is a nuclear complex that is required for transcription elongation through genes containing tandemly repeated DNA sequences. The THO complex is also part of the TREX (TRanscription EXport) complex that is involved in coupling transcription to export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1p, Tho2p, Thp1p, and Mft1p, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits. [GOC:krc, PMID:11060033, PMID:11979277, PMID:16983072]
The transcription export (TREX) complex couples transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II to mRNA export. The complex associates with the polymerase and travels with it along the length of the transcribed gene. TREX is composed of the THO transcription elongation complex as well as other proteins that couple THO to mRNA export proteins. The TREX complex is known to be found in a wide range of eukaryotes, including S. cerevisiae and metazoans. [GOC:krc, PMID:11979277]
The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons. [GOC:nln]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. [GOC:dph]
The directed movement of intronless viral mRNA from the host nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation. [PMID:11598019]
The directed movement of poly(A)+ mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. [GOC:ma]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns. [GOC:kmv, SO:0000234]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:19696797]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any inositol-containing glycerophospholipid, i.e. phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:11395417]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type I transforming growth factor beta receptor. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains base-paired U4 and U6 small nuclear RNAs. [GOC:mah, PMID:14685174]
A ribonucleoprotein complex formed by the association of the U4/U6 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. [GOC:krc, GOC:pr, PMID:11867543]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. [GOC:ai]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:rb]
The modification of a protein by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue. [GOC:krc, PMID:16959570]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any complex of RNA and protein. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators, GOC:vk]
Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-proline (omega=180) = peptidyl-proline (omega=0). [EC:5.2.1.8]
A protein complex consisting of BAT3 (BAG6) and its cofactors. In mammals these cofactors are TRC35 (GET4) and UBL4A. It facilitates tail-anchored protein capture by ASNA1/TRC4 and also chaperones polypeptides from the endoplasmic reticulum retrotranslocation machinery to the proteasome, maintaining the solubility of substrates to improve ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:sp, PMID:20676083, PMID:21636303]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
Maintaining an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein in an unfolded, soluble state that contributes to its degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. Maintaining ER-resident proteins in an unfolded yet soluble state condition after their retro-translocation favors their turnover by the cytosolic proteasome. [GO_REF:0000060, GOC:bf, GOC:BHF, GOC:nc, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21636303]
A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which a tail-anchored (TA) transmembrane protein is incorporated into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. TA transmembrane protein, also named type II transmembrane proteins, contain a single C- terminal transmembrane region. [GOC:mah, GOC:sp, PMID:20516149, PMID:20676083]
The selective interaction of a protein with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its transport into other areas of the cell. [GOC:ai]
The process that results in incorporation of a protein into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. It depends on specific topogenic sequences of amino acids that ensure that a protein acquires the proper orientation during its insertion into the ER membrane. [ISBN:0716731363]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chaperone protein, a class of proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport. [http://www.onelook.com]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. [GOC:mah]
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the lens of an eye. [GOC:mah]
All non-F1 subunits of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral mitochondrial inner membrane proteins. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10838056]
One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the mitochondrial membrane-associated F0 proteins; is thought to prevent futile rotation of the catalytic core. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10838056]
The transport of an inorganic cation across a membrane and against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from ATP hydrolysis. [GOC:BHF]
The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis. [ISBN:0716731363]
Enables the transfer of hydrogen ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ADP + H2O + phosphate + H+(in) = ATP + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism. [EC:3.6.3.14, TC:3.A.2.1.1]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell. [GOC:dos]
The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. [ISBN:0198506732]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell. [GOC:ai]
The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. [GOC:jid, GOC:lmg]
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a syntaxin, a SNAP receptor involved in the docking of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic zone of a synapse. [ISBN:0198506732]
Enables the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attached protein receptor) protein. [PMID:12642621]
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The modification of a histone by addition of one or more methyl groups to a lysine residue. [GOC:mah, GOC:pr]
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone L-lysine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone N6-methyl-L-lysine. The methylation of peptidyl-lysine in histones forms N6-methyl-L-lysine, N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine and N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine derivatives. [EC:2.1.1.43, RESID:AA0074, RESID:AA0075, RESID:AA0076]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 9 of the histone. [GOC:ai, GOC:pr]
A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:ma, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, GOC:vw]
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 9). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group onto lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. [GOC:ai]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05]
The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation). [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling. [GOC:go_curators]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. [GOC:go_curators, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/complex/documentation/]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell. [CL:0000187, GOC:go_curators]
A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. [GOC:curators, ISBN:9780878933846]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
The formation of nucleosomes outside the context of DNA replication. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, PMID:20404130]
The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone. [CL:0000062, GO_REF:0000034, GOC:jid]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie, GOC:txnOH, GOC:vw]
Any process that affects the rate, extent or location of chromatin silencing. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleosome, a complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a repressing transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressive transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05]
The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the beta-(1->4) linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan. [EC:3.2.1.17, PMID:22748813]
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis. [GOC:ems]
Functions in chain elongation during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:19295629]
Combining with an interferon and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:ai, GOC:signaling, PMID:9607096]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The process of inhibiting aggregation and assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that is dependent on interaction with a chaperone. [GOC:dph, GOC:vw]
The modification of a protein by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue. [GOC:krc, PMID:16959570]
Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the 23-membered macrolide lactone FK506. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-proline (omega=180) = peptidyl-proline (omega=0). [EC:5.2.1.8]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide. [GOC:mah]
An aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) complex found in the nucleus; ; consists of ligand-bound AhR and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT). [PMID:7598497]
A protein complex that acts as an aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. Cytosolic and nuclear Ah receptor complexes have different subunit composition, but both contain the ligand-binding subunit AhR. [GOC:mah, PMID:7598497]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an receptor located within a cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a xenobiotic compound stimulus. Xenobiotic compounds are compounds foreign to living organisms. [GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. [ISBN:0198506732]
Combining with an aryl hydrocarbon and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a ligand-activated transcription factor which translocates to the nucleus to activate transcription upon ligand-binding. [GOC:ai, GOC:signaling, PMID:1325649, PMID:7493958]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:mah]
A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins. [GOC:curators, GOC:pr]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. [CHEBI:16646, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan. [GOC:pr, ISBN:0879695595, RESID:AA0153, RESID:AA0154, RESID:AA0155, RESID:AA0157, RESID:AA0212]
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + polypeptide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-polypeptide. This reaction is the modification of serine or threonine residues in polypeptide chains by the transfer of a N-acetylgalactose from UDP-N-acetylgalactose to the hydroxyl group of the amino acid; it is the first step in O-glycan biosynthesis. [EC:2.4.1.41, ISBN:0879695595]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:dph, GOC:krc, PMID:12663868, PMID:14699511]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: bile acid(out) + Na+(out) = bile acid(in) + Na+(in). [TC:2.A.28.-.-]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes. [GOC:mah, PMID:11252894]
The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:curators, GOC:dos]
A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, NIF_Subcellular:sao1969557946, PMID:10559856, PMID:17284835]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an EH domain of a protein. The EH stand for Eps15 homology. This was originally identified as a motif present in three copies at the NH2-termini of Eps15 and of the related molecule Eps15R. [GOC:hjd, PMID:11911876, PMID:21115825]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein as part of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine). [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CARBOXYPEPTIDASE, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE, ISBN:0716720094]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of macromolecules that form part of a cell wall. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls. [http://www.dsmz.de/species/murein.htm, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the beta-(1->4) linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan. [EC:3.2.1.17, PMID:22748813]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of anti-Mullerian hormone to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:hjd, PMID:23624077]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anti-Mullerian hormone signaling pathway. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:hjd, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23624077]
A process in which the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to a substrate transmits a signal to the phosphorylated substrate. [GOC:mtg_signal, GOC:signaling]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation. [GOC:ai]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses serine/threonine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Combining with anti-Mullerian hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:hjd, PMID:23624077]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affect the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. [CHEBI:24621, GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
Conveys a signal from an upstream receptor or intracellular signal transducer by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [EC:2.7.11.13, GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [EC:2.7.11.30]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. [ISBN:0878932453]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). [GOC:mah]
The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Protein complex that carries out the reaction: ATP + H2O + cation(out) = ADP + phosphate + cation(in). [GOC:BHF]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. [PMID:16645198, PMID:20044567]
The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell. [GOC:curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0815316208]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium:sodium antiporter activity. [GO_REF:0000059, GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19683723]
The directed movement of hydrogen ion (proton) across a membrane. [GO_REF:0000069, GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that increases the force of heart muscle contraction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dos, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, GOC:rl, PMID:17242280]
The directed movement of sodium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]
A cardiac conduction process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system. [CHEBI:33568, GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mah, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. [GOC:devbiol, GOC:mtg_heart]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of an NFAT protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a myofibril being extended beyond its slack length. [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk, PMID:14583192]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals that trigger contraction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions at the level of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules), in the presence of calcium. [GOC:jid, PMID:10485905]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme protein phosphatase 2B. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(in) + H+(out) = K+(out) + H+(in). [TC:2.A.37.-.-]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out). [TC:2.A.35.1.1, TC:2.A.36.-.-]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + H+(in) = solute(in) + H+(out). [GOC:ai]
Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. The reaction is: solute A(out) + solute B(in) = solute A(in) + solute B(out). [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729, PMID:10839820]
A protein complex, that caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex and regulates entry into, or exit from, the proteasome core complex. [GOC:mtg_sensu]
The subcomplex of the proteasome regulatory particle that directly associates with the proteasome core complex. [GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:rb]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome complex. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:10872471]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a polymer of ubiqutin. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury. [GOC:bf, PMID:15269788]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. [GOC:go_curators]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
Any of the thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. [GOC:mah]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:mah]
The asymmetric formation of a continuous ribbon of interconnected Golgi stacks of flat cisternae that contributes to the establishment of epithelial cell polarity. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The formation of a continuous ribbon of interconnected Golgi stacks of flat cisternae. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The appearance of a cell adhesion molecule due to biosynthesis or secretion. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]
Transient adhesive interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Carbohydrates on circulating leukocytes bind selectins on the vessel wall causing the leukocytes to slow down and roll along the inner surface of the vessel wall. During this rolling motion, transitory bonds are formed and broken between selectins and their ligands. Typically the first step in cellular extravasation (the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system, towards the site of tissue damage or infection). [GOC:bf, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:14680625, PMID:14708592, PMID:7507411, PMID:8600538, Wikipedia:Leukocyte_extravasation]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. [GOC:ai]
The evagination of the Golgi membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0716731363, PMID:10219233]
The retention of proteins within the Golgi apparatus. Golgi-localized carbohydrate-modifying enzymes have a short N-terminal domain that faces the cytosol, a single transmembrane alpha helix, and a large C-terminal domain that faces the Golgi lumen and that contains the catalytic site. How the membrane-spanning alpha helix in a Golgi enzyme causes its localization and prevents its movement to the plasma membrane is not known. [ISBN:0716731363]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane. [ISBN:0716731363]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling. [GOC:mah]
Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:pf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The controlled release of proteins from a cell. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. [GOC:mah, GOC:mb]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG. [ISBN:0716731363, PMID:16510524]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' position. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. [GOC:jl]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The process of inhibiting aggregation and assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that is dependent on interaction with a chaperone. [GOC:dph, GOC:vw]
The import of proteins into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. [ISBN:0716731363]
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. [GOC:mgi_curators, ISBN:0781735140]
The process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones. [GOC:mb]
The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The process of assisting in the folding of a nascent peptide chain into its correct tertiary structure. [GOC:mb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules) that contributes to the process of protein folding. [GOC:mtg_cambridge_2009]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol. [GOC:mtg_sensu]
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. [ISBN:0198506732]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the large subunit precursor of the preribosome. [GO_REF:0000079, GOC:di, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:22735702]
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. [GOC:go_curators]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the large ribosomal subunit. [GOC:jl]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. [ISBN:0198506732]
A protein complex that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription. [GOC:mah]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dexamethasone stimulus. [GOC:mah, GOC:yaf]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cell cycle arrest, the process in which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]
Any process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription, the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. [GOC:jl]
Any process in which a host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription. [GOC:jl]
Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage. [PMID:10967424]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex. [GOC:ai]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an E-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CANNTG that is found in the promoters of a wide array of genes expressed in neurons, muscle and other tissues. [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk, PMID:11812799]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, SO:0005836]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme histone deacetylase. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in a distal enhancer region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
A ribonucleoprotein complex formed by the association of the U4/U6 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. [GOC:krc, GOC:pr, PMID:11867543]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0879695897]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:11953308]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness. [GOC:ai]
The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. [ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin. [GOC:add]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization. [GOC:mah]
Recombination occurring within or between DNA molecules in somatic cells. [GOC:ma]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament. [GOC:mah]
Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. [GOC:cjm, GOC:jl, NIF_Subcellular:sao-593830697, Wikipedia:Myelin]
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cholesterol (cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol); the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lipid. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. [ISBN:0198506732]
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [GOC:ai, GOC:dgf]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleb_(cell_biology), PMID:12083798, PMID:16624291]
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. [GOC:ai]
Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538). [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:25236395]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701, PMID:19696797]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments. [GOC:clt]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle as initially formed upon the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis. [GOC:mah, PMID:12388753]
The lipid bilayer surrounding an early endosome. [GOC:pz]
A conserved hetero-pentameric membrane-associated complex involved in retrograde transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. The budding yeast retromer comprises Vps35p, Vps29p, Vps26p, Vps5p, and Vps17p. The mammalian complex shows slight variation in composition compared to yeast, and comprises SNX1 or SNX2, SNX5 or SNX6, VPS26A or VPS26B, VPS29, and VPS35. [GOC:bf, PMID:26220253, PMID:27385586, PMID:9700157]
A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes. [GOC:mah, PMID:11252894]
The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:dos, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome. [GOC:mah]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701, PMID:19696797]
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:19696797]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to late endosome transport. [GOC:BHF]
The invagination of the endosome membrane and resulting formation of a vesicle within the lumen of the endosome. [GOC:jp, PMID:19234443]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the entry of viral entry into a host cell. [GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:jl, PMID:10207076]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt signal transduction pathway. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
The initial attachment of a protein to a target membrane, mediated by a proteins protruding from the target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere. [GOC:isa_complete]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle. [GOC:mah]
The infolding of a membrane. [GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium. [GOC:hb]
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0716731363]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any inositol-containing glycerophospholipid, i.e. phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:11395417]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' position. [GOC:bf, PMID:10209156, PMID:11395417, PMID:11557775]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein phosphatase. [GOC:jl]
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172, ISBN:0815316194]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Disassembly of actin filaments by the removal of actin monomers from a filament. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments. [GOC:clt]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are enzyme complexes that contain a kinase catalytic subunit associated with a regulatory cyclin partner. [GOC:krc, PMID:11602261]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain. [GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
Modulates the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase, enzymes of the protein kinase family that are regulated through association with cyclins and other proteins. [GOC:pr, GOC:rn, PMID:7877684, PMID:9442875]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester to give a phosphomonoester and a free hydroxyl group. [EC:3.1.4, GOC:curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = adenosine 5'-phosphate. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 5'-phosphate. [EC:3.1.4.17]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:mah]
A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins. [GOC:curators, GOC:pr]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. [CHEBI:16646, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172, ISBN:0815316194]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Disassembly of actin filaments by the removal of actin monomers from a filament. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments. [GOC:clt]
Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. [PMID:16645198, PMID:20044567]
An ion channel complex through which potassium ions pass. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells. [GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:11732910]
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which potassium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential. [GOC:mah]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the atrial cardiomyocyte membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, GOC:tb]
A cardiac conduction process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
The process in which an SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the bundle of His cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
An action potential that occurs in an atrial cardiac muscle cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of potassium ions out of a cell or organelle. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process in which membrane potential increases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more negative potential. For example, during the repolarization phase of an action potential the membrane potential often becomes more negative or hyperpolarized before returning to the steady-state resting potential. [GOC:dph]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels. [GOC:jl]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:signaling]
The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a scaffold protein. Scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signaling pathways. Although not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway, tethering them into complexes. [GOC:BHF, GOC:sjp, PMID:10433269, Wikipedia:Scaffold_protein]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an SA node cell contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an atrial cardiomyocyte contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a bundle of His cell contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with alpha-actinin, one of a family of proteins that cross-link F-actin as antiparallel homodimers. Alpha-actinin has a molecular mass of 93-103 KDa; at the N-terminus there are two calponin homology domains, at the C-terminus there are two EF-hands. These two domains are connected by the rod domain. This domain is formed by triple-helical spectrin repeats. [PMID:10984498, PMID:11699871, PMID:15014165]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
Stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a potassium channel. [GOC:mah]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an outwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel. An outwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the outward flow of K+ ions exceeds the inward flow for the opposite driving force. [GOC:mah]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a delayed rectifying voltage-gated channel. A delayed rectifying current-voltage relation is one where channel activation kinetics are time-dependent, and inactivation is slow. [GOC:mah, PMID:11343411, PMID:2462513]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a voltage-gated channel. An ion is an atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size). [GOC:cy, GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]
The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-tyrosine to form peptidyl-tyrosine. [GOC:bf]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein. [GOC:hb]
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase. [PMID:9561267]
Catalysis of the reaction: MAP kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphate + H2O = MAP kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine + phosphate. [GOC:mah, PMID:12184814]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate. [EC:3.1.3, EC:3.1.3.41, GOC:curators, GOC:pg]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. [EC:3.1.3.48]
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cell proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity. [EC:3.1.3.16, ISBN:0198547684]
Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached. [GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A sodium channel in a cell membrane whose opening is governed by the membrane potential. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity. [GOC:obol]
A cardiac conduction process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
An action potential that occurs in a sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
An action potential that occurs in an atrial cardiac muscle cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
The process in which cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
The process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
An action potential that occurs in a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell and is involved in its contraction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]
Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles. [GOC:dph]
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue. [GOC:dph]
The process in which membrane potential decreases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more positive potential. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative steady-state resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:dh, Wikipedia:Depolarization]
A process in which a sodium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:vw]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency or rate of heart contraction. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on an ion channel, a protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective ion transport down its electrochemical gradient. [GOC:BHF, GOC:jl]
Modulates the activity of a sodium channel. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. [GOC:jl]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:mah]
A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins. [GOC:curators, GOC:pr]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. [CHEBI:16646, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the reaction: R-X + glutathione = H-X + R-S-glutathione. R may be an aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic group; X may be a sulfate, nitrile or halide group. [EC:2.5.1.18]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai, http://www.onelook.com/]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:sart, PMID:19135896, PMID:21041441]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
An intracellular macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules. [GOC:krc, GOC:vesicles]
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. [ISBN:0198506732]
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ribosomal RNA. [GOC:jl]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. [GOC:mah]
The larger of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). [GOC:mcc]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code. [GOC:go_curators]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. [GOC:add, ISBN:0121245462, ISBN:0896039986]
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions. [PMID:15925705]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an endoderm cell. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. [GOC:go_curators]
The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-tyrosine to form peptidyl-tyrosine. [GOC:bf]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein. [GOC:hb]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. [GOC:hjd]
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase. [PMID:9561267]
Catalysis of the reaction: MAP kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphate + H2O = MAP kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine + phosphate. [GOC:mah, PMID:12184814]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate. [EC:3.1.3, EC:3.1.3.41, GOC:curators, GOC:pg]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. [EC:3.1.3.48]
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cell proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity. [EC:3.1.3.16, ISBN:0198547684]
Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0815316208]
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. [GOC:go_curators]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the multicellular organism. [GOC:isa_complete]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. [GOC:bf, GOC:curators, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%). [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell. [GOC:isa_complete, GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus. [GOC:mtg_muscle]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0721662544]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group. [GOC:jl]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork. The formation of ruffles (also called membrane ruffling) is thought to be controlled by a group of enzymes known as Rho GTPases, specifically RhoA, Rac1 and cdc42. [GOC:yaf, http:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_ruffling, PMID:12556481]
The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphatidylinositol. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells. [GOC:jl]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking. [GOC:mah]
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0716731363]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. [CHEBI:28874, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. [ISBN:0198506732]
Replacement ossification wherein bone tissue replaces cartilage. [GO_REF:0000034, ISBN:0878932437]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SH2 domain (Src homology 2) of a protein, a protein domain of about 100 amino-acid residues and belonging to the alpha + beta domain class. [GOC:go_curators, Pfam:PF00017]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul3 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a BTB-domain-containing protein. [PMID:15571813, PMID:15688063]
The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y --> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:jh2, PMID:9635407]
A phospholipid microvesicle that is derived from any of several cell types, such as platelets, blood cells, endothelial cells, or others, and contains membrane receptors as well as other proteins characteristic of the parental cell. Microparticles are heterogeneous in size, and are characterized as microvesicles free of nucleic acids. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, PMID:16373184]
The outer membrane of a muscle cell, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers. [ISBN:0198506732]
A dense network of actin filaments found beneath the apical cell surface of hair cells, and into which stereocilia are inserted. [PMID:12485990, PMID:2592408, PMID:8071151]
An actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory and vestibular hair cells and of neuromast cells. These protrusions are supported by a bundle of cross-linked actin filaments (an actin cable), oriented such that the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion, capped by a tip complex which bridges to the plasma. Bundles of stereocilia act as mechanosensory organelles. [GOC:ecd, PMID:15661519, PMID:7840137]
The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential. [GOC:nln]
A cell-substrate junction found at the terminal anchorage site of skeletal muscle cells to tendons. [GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:12842007]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs. [GOC:add, PMID:12019563]
The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains discs of photoreceptive membranes. [GOC:cilia, ISBN:0824072820]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within an organism or cell. [GOC:ceb, GOC:jid, GOC:mah]
Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light. [CL:0000210, GOC:bf, GOC:rl]
Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an integrin. [GOC:ceb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with magnesium (Mg) ions. [GOC:ai]
The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its cytoplasmic surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:mah]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lung vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the alveolus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The alveolus is a sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of air passageways. [GOC:mtg_lung, PMID:9751757]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the skin are generated and organized. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner, sensitive and vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue. [GOC:jl, UBERON:0002097]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse. At least eight complex components are conserved between yeast and mammals. [GOC:cilia, PMID:15292201, PMID:27243008, PMID:9700152]
The initial attachment of a transport vesicle membrane to the target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane. Docking requires only that the two membranes come close enough for these proteins to interact and adhere. [GOC:ai, GOC:jid]
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis. [ISBN:0716731363]
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This process begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when vesicle fusion is complete. This is the process in which most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein N-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 2-amino (or 2-imino) function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Ral protein, any member of the Ral subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. [GOC:mah]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity superoxide radicals or hydrogen peroxide. [GOC:dos, GOC:vw]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:mah]
The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [GOC:jid, ISBN:9780878933846]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: protein-dithiol + NAD(P)+ = protein-disulfide + NAD(P)H + H+. [EC:1.8.1.8, MetaCyc:1.6.4.4-RXN]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces disulfide. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the reaction: a protein with reduced sulfide groups = a protein with oxidized disulfide bonds. [MetaCyc:DISULFOXRED-RXN]
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP(+) + thioredoxin = H(+) + NADPH + thioredoxin disulfide. [EC:1.8.1.9, RHEA:20348]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may pass in response to changes in membrane potential. [GOC:mah]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A cardiac conduction process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
The process in which SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
The process in which AV node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an AV node cardiac muscle cell to a bundle of His cardiomyocyte. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an SA node cardiomyocyte to an atrial cardiomyocyte. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
An action potential that occurs in a sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
The process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell and is involved in its contraction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the potential difference across a post-synaptic membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732]
A process in which a sodium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:vw]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mah]
An action potential that occurs in a neuron. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nickel cation stimulus. [GOC:sm]
The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a neuron, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. [GOC:jl, MeSH:D009435]
The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:10358008]
A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb, ISBN:978-0-07-139011-8]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a scaffold protein. Scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signaling pathways. Although not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway, tethering them into complexes. [GOC:BHF, GOC:sjp, PMID:10433269, Wikipedia:Scaffold_protein]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of an SA node cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of an AV node cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a low voltage-gated channel. A low voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on low voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729, PMID:16382099]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a calcium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. [GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:tb, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a voltage-gated channel. An ion is an atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size). [GOC:cy, GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which potassium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential. [GOC:mah]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of potassium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [PMID:9139127]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of potassium ions into a cell or organelle. [GOC:sm]
The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an inwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel, where the inward rectification is due to a voltage-dependent block of the channel pore by a G protein. An inwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the inward flow of K+ ions exceeds the outward flow for the opposite driving force. [GOC:cb, GOC:mah]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a voltage-gated channel. An ion is an atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an inwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel. An inwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the inward flow of K+ ions exceeds the outward flow for the opposite driving force. The inward-rectification is due to a voltage-dependent block of the channel pore by a specific ligand or ligands, and as a result the macroscopic conductance depends on the difference between membrane voltage and the K+ equilibrium potential rather than on membrane voltage itself. [GOC:cb, GOC:mah, PMID:14977398]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html, ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
An assembly of six molecules of connexin, made in the Golgi apparatus and subsequently transported to the plasma membrane, where docking of two connexons on apposed plasma membranes across the extracellular space forms a gap junction. [PMID:11146276]
A cell-cell junction composed of pannexins or innexins and connexins, two different families of channel-forming proteins. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_muscle, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junction, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_g.html, ISBN:0815332181, PMID:22366062]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0471245208, ISBN:0721662544]
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. [GOC:mah]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0582064333]
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. [GOC:clt, GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A protein complex that localizes to interphase centrosomes and to mitotic spindle tubules and regulates mitotic spindle assembly and centrosome integrity; in human, the complex consists of eight subunits, some of which are homologous to subunits of the Drosophila Augmin complex. [PMID:19427217]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart. [GOC:ai, GOC:expert_rg, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0815316208]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:10666339]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus. [GOC:ecd, PMID:15451575]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus. [GOC:yaf]
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine. [RESID:AA0039]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on an ion channel, a protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective ion transport down its electrochemical gradient. [GOC:BHF, GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein L-tyrosine = ADP + protein L-tyrosine phosphate by a non-membrane spanning protein. [EC:2.7.10.2]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. [EC:2.7.10]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins. [GOC:ma, PMID:10330182]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cholesterol (cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol); the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lipid. [GOC:ai]
A membrane-tethered, short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum) that is similar in structure to a centriole and derives from it. The cilium basal body is the site of assembly and remodelling of the cilium and serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth. As well as anchoring the cilium, it is thought to provide a selective gateway regulating the entry of ciliary proteins and vesicles by intraflagellar transport. [GOC:cilia, GOC:clt, PMID:21750193]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle. [ISBN:0198547684]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-motile cilium. [GO_REF:0000079, GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:14521833, PMID:14521834]
Any spindle pole body duplication that is involved in the mitotic cell cycle. [GO_REF:0000060, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23807208]
A cellular process that results in the assembly of one or more centrioles. [GOC:dos, PMID:24075808]
The centrosome organization process by which a centriole increases in length as part of the process of replication. [GOC:dph, PMID:21576394]
The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells. [GOC:di, GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]
The replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized. [GOC:ai]
The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule. [GOC:ai, GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a daughter centriole of an existing centriole. [GOC:ai]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a motile cilium. [GO_REF:0000079, GOC:cilia, GOC:krc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19776033, PMID:21129373, ZFIN:dsf]
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened. [GOC:mah, PMID:15205520]
The cell cycle process in which a daughter centriole is formed perpendicular to an existing centriole. An immature centriole contains a ninefold radially symmetric array of single microtubules; mature centrioles consist of a radial array of nine microtubule triplets, doublets, or singlets depending upon the species and cell type. Duplicated centrioles also become the ciliary basal body in cells that form cilia during G0. [GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:9889124]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific domain of a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules. [GOC:clt]
A multiprotein complex that functions broadly in eukaryotic organisms as a transcriptional repressor of protein-coding genes, through the gene-specific deacetylation of histones. Amongst its subunits, the Sin3 complex contains Sin3-like proteins, and a number of core proteins that are shared with the NuRD complex (including histone deacetylases and histone binding proteins). The Sin3 complex does not directly bind DNA itself, but is targeted to specific genes through protein-protein interactions with DNA-binding proteins. [PMID:10589671, PMID:11743021, PMID:12865422]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen of exogenous origin in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family. [GOC:add, PMID:10375559, PMID:15928678, PMID:15928680]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lipopeptide, any of a group of organic compounds comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds and containing a nonprotein group consisting of a lipid or lipids. [GOC:add, PMID:12077222, PMID:12524386, PMID:2757794]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an exogenous lipid antigen (examples include microbial lipids and glycolipids). [PMID:14500461]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an endogenous cellular lipid antigen. [PMID:14500461]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with beta-2-microglobulin. [GOC:mah]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport. [GOC:jl, PMID:10873832, PMID:16936697]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that initiates the activity of inactive phospholipase D. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism. [GOC:cab2]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals. [GOC:mah]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific domain of a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
Binds to and increases the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. [ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A cell-cell junction in which: on the cytoplasmic surface of each interacting plasma membrane is a dense plaque composed of a mixture of intracellular anchor proteins; a bundle of keratin intermediate filaments is attached to the surface of each plaque; transmembrane adhesion proteins of the cadherin family bind to the plaques and interact through their extracellular domains to hold the adjacent membranes together by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0815332181]
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html, ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell. [ISBN:0198506732]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. [GOC:hb, GOC:pf]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A series of molecular signals mediated by a steroid hormone binding to a receptor. [PMID:12606724]
Any series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an receptor located within a cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:signaling, GOC:txnOH]
Combining with a steroid hormone and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity or function. [GOC:signaling, PMID:14708019]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a dopaminergic neuron, a neuron that secretes dopamine. [GOC:rph]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a peptide hormone involved in the stress response. [GOC:mah]
General adaptation syndrome is the set of changes in various organ systems of the body, especially the pituitary-endocrine system, in response to a wide range of strong external stimuli, both physiological and psychological. It is described as having three stages: alarm reaction, where the body detects the external stimulus; adaptation, where the body engages defensive countermeasures against the stressor; and exhaustion, where the body begins to run out of defenses. [http://www.onelook.com, PMID:14847556, Wikipedia:General_adaptation_syndrome]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. [CL:0000136, GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. [GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ebc, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. [GOC:mah]
The progression of the habenula over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The habenula is the group of nuclei that makes up the stalk of the pineal gland. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:9780721601465]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells in a different central nervous system region. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. [GOC:go_curators]
Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. [GOC:ai]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. [GOC:dgh]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amphetamine stimulus. Amphetamines consist of a group of compounds related to alpha-methylphenethylamine. [CHEBI:2679, GOC:dph, GOC:ef]
The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature. [CL:0000540, GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. [GOC:hjd]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a glucocorticoid receptor. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in the transcription regulatory region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase II basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05]
The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope. [GOC:ma]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The glycosylation of a peptidyl-tryptophan residue by the transfer of alpha-mannopyranose from dolichyl-activated mannose to the indole ring. [PMID:7947762, PMID:9450955, RESID:AA0217]
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid. [GOC:ai, GOC:cjm]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins. [http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/intermediate_filaments.htm, ISBN:0198506732]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or its assembly within or outside a cell. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
A protein complex that is required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. The cohesin complex forms a molecular ring complex, and is composed of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) and kleisin proteins. For example, in yeast, the complex is composed of the SMC proteins Smc1p and Smc3p, and the kleisin protein Scc1p. In vertebrates, the complex is composed of the SMC1 (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3 heterodimer attached via their hinge domains to a kleisin (RAD21, REC8 or RAD21L) which links them, and one STAG protein (STAG1, STAG2 or STAG3). [GOC:jl, GOC:sp, GOC:vw, PMID:9887095]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cohesin complex is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin. [GOC:lb, GOC:mah, PMID:17113138]
Any process that activates or increases the rate of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity). [GOC:mah]
The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:ma, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome, from their formation in S phase through metaphase during a mitotic cell cycle. This cohesion cycle is critical for high fidelity chromosome transmission. [GOC:ai, GOC:rn, PMID:10827941, PMID:11389843, PMID:14623866]
The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix. [GOC:elh]
The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0051070, GOC:cjm, http://www.onelook.com]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. [GOC:dph, GOC:dsf, GOC:jid, GOC:tb, PMID:16049113]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the viscerocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The viscerocranium is the part of the skull comprising the facial bones. [GOC:dsf, GOC:jid, PMID:16049113]
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, UBERON:0002544]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance. [GOC:bf, GOC:kmv, Wikipedia:Chordate]
Any process in which a polysaccharide is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:mah]
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. They usually occur linked to a protein to form proteoglycans. Two subgroups exist, one in which the sulfate is on the 4-position (chondroitin sulfate A) and the second in which it is in the 6-position (chondroitin sulfate C). They often are polydisperse and often differ in the degree of sulfation from tissue to tissue. The chains of repeating disaccharide are covalently linked to the side chains of serine residues in the polypeptide backbone of a protein by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide unit galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl. Chondroitin sulfate B is more usually known as dermatan sulfate. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. [GOC:go_curators]
The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. [GOC:dph]
Catalysis of the reactions: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + dermatan = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + dermatan 6'-sulfate and 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 6'-sulfate. [EC:2.8.2.33]
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 4'-sulfate. [EC:2.8.2.5, MetaCyc:CHONDROITIN-4-SULFOTRANSFERASE-RXN]
Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the hydroxyl group of an acceptor, producing the sulfated derivative and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate. [EC:2.8.2, GOC:curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate. [EC:2.8.2.-, GOC:ai]
A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the recruitment of a preassembled U5-containing tri-snRNP to the prespliceosome. Although all 5 snRNPs are present, the precatalytic spliceosome is catalytically inactive. The precatalytic spliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs. [GOC:ab, GOC:krc, GOC:mah, PMID:18322460, PMID:19239890]
A ribonucleoprotein complex formed by the association of the U4/U6 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. [GOC:krc, GOC:pr, PMID:11867543]
A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. [GOC:go_curators, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/complex/documentation/]
A large ribonucleoprotein complex that is an early preribosomal complex. In S. cerevisiae, it has a size of 80S and consists of the 35S pre-rRNA, early-associating ribosomal proteins most of which are part of the small ribosomal subunit, the U3 snoRNA and associated proteins. [GOC:krc, GOC:vw, PMID:12068309, PMID:12957375, PMID:15120992, PMID:15590835]
A ribonucleoprotein complex containing small nucleolar RNA of the box C/D type that can carry out ribose-2'-O-methylation of target RNAs. [ISBN:0879695897, PMID:17284456]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains newly synthesized preribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) and a collection of proteins. [PMID:10754561]
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule. [GOC:curators]
The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote. [GOC:ems, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule. [GOC:curators]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0879695897]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with box C/D small nucleolar RNA. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with U3 small nucleolar RNA. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the U4atac small nuclear RNA (U4atac snRNA). [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the U4 small nuclear RNA (U4 snRNA). [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with small nucleolar RNA. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198547684]
A type of extracellular matrix found in interstitial connective tissue, characterized by the presence of fibronectins, proteoglycans, and types I, III, V, VI, VII and XII collagens. [PMID:8450001]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules. [GOC:dph, GOC:pf, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A protein complex that possesses histone deacetylase activity. [GOC:mah]
The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendrite are generated and organized. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in a nerve are generated and organized. This term refers to an anatomical structure (nerve) not a cell (neuron). [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The migration of postmitotic a Purkinje cell along radial glial cells from the ventricular zone to the Purkinje cell layer. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:15157725]
The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to granule cells. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:15157725]
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer to attain its fully functional state. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0838580343]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0838580343]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation. [GOC:jid, GOC:vw, PMID:12697820]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II repressing transcription factor and also with the RNA polymerase II basal transcription machinery in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressive transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) regulatory transcription factor and also with the RNAP II basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal RNAP II transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
A cilium which may have a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors. [GOC:cilia, GOC:dgh, GOC:kmv, PMID:17009929, PMID:20144998, PMID:22118931]
The portion of the photoreceptor cell cilium linking the photoreceptor inner and outer segments. It's considered to be equivalent to the ciliary transition zone. [GOC:cilia, PMID:15917207, PMID:22653444, PMID:8718680]
The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. [GOC:bf, GOC:cilia, ISBN:0198547684]
A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body. [GOC:cilia, GOC:curators, GOC:kmv, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:16824949, PMID:17009929, PMID:20144998]
The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:yaf]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, ISBN:0815340729]
The series of events involved in visual perception in which a light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]
Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192800981]
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. [GOC:ai]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of hydrogen ion (proton) across a membrane. [GO_REF:0000069, GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie]
The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + H+(in) = solute(in) + H+(out). [GOC:ai]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A structure found most metazoan nucleoli, but not usually found in lower eukaryotes; surrounded by the dense fibrillar component; the zone of transcription from multiple copies of the pre-rRNA genes is in the border region between these two structures. [PMID:10754561]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 9 of histone H3. [GOC:ai]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the cranial skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. [GOC:dsf, GOC:jid, PMID:16049113]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle. [CL:0000188, GOC:BHF, GOC:vk]
Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0877797099]
The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral ventricles over time, from the formation to the mature structure. The two lateral ventricles are a cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0683400078]
A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700). [GOC:PO_curators]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae. [GOC:ai]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The progression of the substantia nigra over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The substantia nigra is the layer of gray substance that separates the posterior parts of the cerebral peduncles (tegmentum mesencephali) from the anterior parts; it normally includes a posterior compact part with many pigmented cells (pars compacta) and an anterior reticular part whose cells contain little pigment (pars reticularis). [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0838580343, ISBN:0878937420]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of macromolecules that form part of a cell wall. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls. [http://www.dsmz.de/species/murein.htm, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the beta-(1->4) linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan. [EC:3.2.1.17, PMID:22748813]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a repressing transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressive transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
All non-F1 subunits of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral mitochondrial inner membrane proteins. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10838056]
The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis. [ISBN:0716731363]
Enables the transfer of hydrogen ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
The function of a transcription cofactor that activates transcription in conjuction with a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor from a RNA polymerase II promoter; does not bind DNA itself. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
A protein complex that catalyzes the ligation of cleaved pre-tRNAs by directly joining spliced tRNA halves to mature-sized tRNAs by incorporating the precursor-derived splice junction phosphate into the mature tRNA as a canonical 3',5'-phosphodiester. [GOC:sp, PMID:21311021]
A nuclear body that contains proteins involved in pre-mRNA 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation, such as DDX1, CSTF2 and CPSFs, as well as the transcription factors TFIIE and TFIIF. Cleavage bodies are localized adjacent to Cajal bodies and are involved in mRNA3'-end processing. [PMID:10564273, PMID:11598190, PMID:8654386]
An intracellular macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules. [GOC:krc, GOC:vesicles]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A dense aggregation in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress. [GOC:ans, PMID:17284590, PMID:17601829, PMID:17967451, PMID:20368989]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic stress granule. [GO_REF:0000087, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24755092]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie, GOC:txnOH, GOC:vw]
The nucleic acid metabolic process in which the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides are cleaved by hydrolysis. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands. [GOC:isa_complete, GOC:mah]
The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'. [PMID:17169986]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus. [GOC:hb]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
Splicing of tRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897, PMID:9582290]
The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix. [GOC:elh]
Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + H2O = NDP + phosphate; this reaction drives the unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex, i.e. a double helix in which a strand of DNA pairs with a complementary strand of RNA. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of adenylyl residues in an RNA molecule, such as the poly(A) tail, a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix. [EC:3.6.1.3, GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids. [ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction drives the unwinding of an RNA helix. [EC:3.6.1.3, GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded RNA. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a regulatory transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to modulate transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which transmembrane proteins are ubiquitylated to facilitate their entry into luminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVBs); upon subsequent fusion of MVBs with lysosomes or vacuoles, the cargo proteins are degraded. [GOC:mah, PMID:17603537]
A viral process by which enveloped viruses acquire a host-derived membrane enriched in viral proteins to form their external envelope. The process starts when nucleocapsids, assembled or in the process of being built, induce formation of a membrane curvature in the host plasma or organelle membrane and wrap up in the forming bud. The process ends when the bud is eventually pinched off by membrane scission to release the enveloped particle into the lumenal or extracellular space. [ISBN:0781718325, VZ:1947]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein C-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 1-carboxy function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue. [ISBN:0198506732]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:mah]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process in by an organism or tissue maintains a population of neuronal stem cells. [CL:0000047, GOC:dos, GOC:yaf, PMID:11399758]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage. [GOC:mah]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The palate is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0721662544]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0051070, GOC:cjm, http://www.onelook.com]
The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs. [GOC:dsf, PMID:16740480]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. [GOC:dph, GOC:dsf, GOC:jid, GOC:tb, PMID:16049113]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the cranial skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. [GOC:dsf, GOC:jid, PMID:16049113]
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [GOC:dph]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the middle ear are generated and organized. The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window). [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192801023]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192801023]
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells. [GOC:dph]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an HMG box domain, a protein domain that consists of three helices in an irregular array. HMG-box domains are found in one or more copies in HMG-box proteins, which form a large, diverse family involved in the regulation of DNA-dependent processes such as transcription, replication, and strand repair, all of which require the bending and unwinding of chromatin. [GOC:yaf, InterPro:IPR009071, PMID:18445004]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) regulatory transcription factor and also with the RNAP II basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal RNAP II transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
Any part of a cell where non-isotropic growth takes place. [GOC:mah]
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of actin filaments. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). [GOC:mah]
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. [GOC:clt, GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol. [MetaCyc:GLUCONEO-PWY]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with purine nucleotides, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + oxaloacetate = GDP + phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2. [EC:4.1.1.32]
Catalysis of the reaction: source of phosphate + oxaloacetate = phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2 + other reaction products. [EC:4.1.1.-]
A spliceosomal complex that contains three snRNPs, including U5, bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs. [GOC:ab, GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897, ISBN:0879697393, PMID:18322460, PMID:19239890]
A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the displacement of the U1 and U4 snRNPs from the precatalytic spliceosome; the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs remain associated with the mRNA. This complex, sometimes called the activated spliceosome, is the catalytically active form of the spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U2, and U5 and U6 snRNPs. [GOC:ab, GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897, ISBN:0879697393, PMID:18322460, PMID:19239890]
A region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred. DNA damage signaling and repair proteins accumulate at the lesion to respond to the damage and repair the DNA to form a continuous DNA helix. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:vw, PMID:20096808, PMID:21035408]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle comprising a matrix of coalesced lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. May include associated proteins. [GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A conserved heterotrimeric complex that binds nonspecifically to single-stranded DNA and is required for multiple processes in eukaryotic DNA metabolism, including DNA replication, DNA repair, and recombination. In all eukaryotic organisms examined the complex is composed of subunits of approximately 70, 30, and 14 kDa. [PMID:9242902]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A protein complex consisting of Prp19 and associated proteins that is involved in the transition from the precatalytic spliceosome to the activated form that catalyzes step 1 of splicing, and which remains associated with the spliceosome through the second catalytic step. It is widely conserved, found in both yeast and mammals, though the exact composition varies. In S. cerevisiae, it contains Prp19p, Ntc20p, Snt309p, Isy1p, Syf2p, Cwc2p, Prp46p, Clf1p, Cef1p, and Syf1p. [GOC:krc, PMID:16540691, PMID:19239890]
A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA damage checkpoint. [GOC:mah]
A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K63-linked ubiquitination does not target the substrate protein for degradation, but is involved in several pathways, notably as a signal to promote error-free DNA postreplication repair. [GOC:mah, PMID:15556404]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation. [GOC:vp, PMID:15139015]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism. [GOC:jid]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell. [GOC:mah]
The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome. [GOC:tb]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. [GOC:go_curators]
The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear. [GOC:rph, PMID:10827453, PMID:24837021]
The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0198542771]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0879695897]
Formation of a catalytic spliceosome complex ready to perform the first splicing reaction. This occurs by an ATP-dependent conformational change of the pre-catalytic spliceosome. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a spliceosomal complex, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions. [PMID:9476892]
The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex. [ISBN:0879695897, PMID:9452384]
Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain. [ISBN:0815316194]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, PMID:22863777]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to an existing ubiquitin chain via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y-ubiquitin -> Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue. [GOC:mah, GOC:mcc, PMID:10089879, PMID:17190603]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y --> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:jh2, PMID:9635407]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin E (IgE) to an Fc-epsilon receptor on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region. [GOC:phg, PMID:12413516, PMID:15048725]
A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:pr, GOC:signaling]
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction. [GOC:go_curators, Wikipedia:Transmembrane_receptor]
A protein complex composed of an Fc-epsilon RI alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without an Fc-episilon RI beta chain and additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgE. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface. [GOC:dos, GOC:tb]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis. [GOC:ai]
The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors. [GOC:mgi_curators, ISBN:0781735149]
Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:ebc, GOC:mtg_15nov05, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mast cell degranulation. [ISBN:0781735149]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:jl]
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to an Fc-gamma receptor on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region. [GOC:phg, PMID:11244038]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell apoptotic process. [GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production. [GOC:mah]
A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:15006537, PMID:19643732]
The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591]
An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of extracellular ligand to an integrin on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis. [GOC:curators, ISBN:0781735149]
The regulated release of serotonin by a platelet or group of platelets. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0781735149]
The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an immunoglobulin of the IgE isotype. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Combining with an immunoglobulin of the IgE isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:add, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0781735149]
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form glycerone phosphate. [EC:1.1.5.3]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + ubiquinone-8 = glycerone phosphate + ubiquinol-8. [MetaCyc:GLYC3PDEHYDROG-RXN]
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + a ubiquinone = glycerone phosphate + a ubiquinol. [MetaCyc:RXN0-5258]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + a quinone = glycerone phosphate + a quinol. [EC:1.1.5.3]
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae. [GOC:ai]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. [GOC:bf, GOC:curators, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol. [MetaCyc:GLUCONEO-PWY]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis. [GOC:ma]
The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine within an RNA molecule. This posttranscriptional base modification occurs in tRNA, rRNA, and snRNAs. [GOC:hjd, GOC:mah]
An inclusion body formed by dynein-dependent retrograde transport of an aggregated protein on microtubules. [PMID:11121744]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
A protein complex containing at least HFE and a transferrin receptor (either TFR1/TFRC or TFR2), proposed to play a role in the sensing of transferrin-bound Fe (Fe2-Tf) on the plasma membrane to regulate hepcidin transcription. [GOC:BHF, GOC:kom, PMID:25147378]
Any vesicle that is part of the extracellular region. [GO_REF:0000064, GOC:pm, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24769233]
A phospholipid microvesicle that is derived from any of several cell types, such as platelets, blood cells, endothelial cells, or others, and contains membrane receptors as well as other proteins characteristic of the parental cell. Microparticles are heterogeneous in size, and are characterized as microvesicles free of nucleic acids. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, PMID:16373184]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:kmv, GOC:rph, PMID:10930469, PMID:15601896, PMID:16246101, PMID:21556374, PMID:21562044]
Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface. [GOC:dos, GOC:tb]
A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, NIF_Subcellular:sao1969557946, PMID:10559856, PMID:17284835]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:19696797]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of iron ions into a cell or organelle. [GOC:mah, PMID:18622392]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease. [GOC:sl]
The directed movement of transferrin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mlg]
A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:15006537, PMID:19643732]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue. [CL:0000092, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12161749]
An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions at the level of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Enables the transfer of transferrin from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mlg]
Combining selectively with transferrin, and delivering transferrin into the cell via endocytosis. Transferrin is a major iron carrier protein in vertebrates. [GOC:bf, PMID:2678449, PMID:3011819]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded RNA. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (monosaccharide) residues. These also include proteoglycans. [GOC:hjd, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. [GOC:hjd]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. [GOC:hjd]
A phospholipid microvesicle that is derived from any of several cell types, such as platelets, blood cells, endothelial cells, or others, and contains membrane receptors as well as other proteins characteristic of the parental cell. Microparticles are heterogeneous in size, and are characterized as microvesicles free of nucleic acids. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, PMID:16373184]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface. [GOC:dos, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric oxide synthase enzyme. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin. [GOC:add]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. [CHEBI:16646, GOC:mah]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
A protein complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and plays an active role in transducing the signal from a transcription factor to the transcriptional machinery. The mediator complex is required for activation of transcription of most protein-coding genes, but can also act as a transcriptional corepressor. The Saccharomyces complex contains several identifiable subcomplexes: a head domain comprising Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p; and a regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Metazoan mediator complexes have similar modular structures and include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins. [PMID:11454195, PMID:16168358, PMID:17870225]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) regulatory transcription factor and also with the RNAP II basal transcription machinery in order to modulate transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal RNAP II transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A protein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity. [GOC:mah]
The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 16 of the histone. [GOC:jl]
The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 8 of the histone. [GOC:jl]
The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 5 of the histone. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 16) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 16). This reaction represents the addition of an acetyl group to the lysine at position 16 of histone H4. [EC:2.3.1.48]
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 8) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 8). [EC:2.3.1.48]
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 5) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 5). [EC:2.3.1.48]
Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Modulates the activity of a phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule. [GOC:ai]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. [ISBN:0198506732]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A structure found most metazoan nucleoli, but not usually found in lower eukaryotes; surrounded by the dense fibrillar component; the zone of transcription from multiple copies of the pre-rRNA genes is in the border region between these two structures. [PMID:10754561]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of substances within a cell. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome separation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mah]
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. [GOC:jl]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein. [GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. [GOC:ma]
The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a receptor-regulated SMAD signaling protein. [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk, PMID:19114992]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Ran, a conserved Ras-like GTP-binding protein, implicated in nucleocytoplasmic transport, cell cycle progression, spindle assembly, nuclear organization and nuclear envelope (NE) assembly. [GOC:rn, PMID:12787777, PMID:14726649]
Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:mah]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A spindle that forms as part of mitosis. Mitotic and meiotic spindles contain distinctive complements of proteins associated with microtubules. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, PMID:11408572, PMID:18367542, PMID:8027178]
The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement. [GOC:pg]
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html, ISBN:0198506732]
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. [GOC:dph]
Establishment of the epithelial barrier, the functional barrier in the skin that limits its permeability. [GOC:dph]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis of the limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The limb epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of the limb, it is a complex stratified squamous epithelium. [GOC:dph, GOC:sdb_2009, GOC:tb]
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized. [GOC:jl]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell into daughter cells. An epidermal cell is any of the cells that make up the epidermis. [PMID:17450124]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a keratinocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A cell of a secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting. [GOC:jl]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the classical pathway. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:go_curators]
A protein complex that possesses magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase (AMD phosphatase) activity, and consists of a catalytic subunit and one or more regulatory subunits that dictates the phosphatase's substrate specificity, function, and activity. [GOC:mah, GOC:ssd]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a phosphoprotein. [GOC:jp, PMID:11724821]
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ebc, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. [GOC:sm]
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein phosphatase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphate groups from phosphorylated proteins. [GOC:ai]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
A focus in the cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. Protein and RNA localized to these foci are involved in mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), translational repression, and RNA-mediated gene silencing. [GOC:clt, PMID:12730603]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway. [PMID:11563486]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with damaged DNA. [GOC:jl]
An extracellular vesicle released from the plasma membrane and ranging in size from about 100 nm to 1000 nm. [GOC:vesicles, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894, Wikipedia:Microvesicles]
The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell. [GOC:dos]
A prolongation or process extending from the soma of an astrocyte and wrapping around neurons. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1630537580]
Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites. [GOC:go_curators]
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. [GOC:jl, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/]
The region of a neuron that includes the cell body (cell soma) and the dendrite, but excludes the axon. [GOC:pad, GOC:PARL]
Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane. [GOC:mah, GOC:pz, GOC:vesicles]
Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix; contains proteins destined to be secreted. [NIF_Subcellular:sao772007592, PMID:14690495]
A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, often branched, morphology, receives and integrates signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conducts a nerve impulse towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, GOC:nln, ISBN:0198506732]
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. [GOC:nln, ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19448629]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24898855]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. [GOC:ai]
The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, where the release step is dependent on a rise in cytosolic calcium ion levels.  [GOC:curators]
A process that decreases short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change in the short-term as circumstances require. Short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increasing or decreasing synaptic sensitivity. [GOC:jid, http://www.mercksource.com, PMID:11891290]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine. [GOC:ef]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate. [GOC:ef]
The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task). [GOC:curators, http://www.onelook.com/, ISBN:0582227089]
The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium regualated exocytosis during synaptic transmission. [CHEBI:25512, GOC:dph]
Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane. [GOC:jid]
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This process begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when vesicle fusion is complete. This is the process in which most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a clathrin heavy or light chain, the main components of the coat of coated vesicles and coated pits, and which also occurs in synaptic vesicles. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a syntaxin, a SNAP receptor involved in the docking of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic zone of a synapse. [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, GOC:vw]
The directed movement of chloride across a membrane. [GOC:TermGenie, GOC:vw]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size). [GOC:cy, GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:mah]
The process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation. [GOC:autophagy, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:11099404, PMID:9412464]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production. [GOC:add]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0815332181]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which a water molecule bound by the side chains of aspartic residues at the active center acts as a nucleophile. [ISBN:0198506732]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090513]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
A type of plasma membrane that has been modified through addition of distinct intracellular and extracellular components, including ceramide, found in cornifying epithelial cells (corneocytes). [GOC:add, PMID:11112355, PMID:11590230, PMID:15803139]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:sdb_2009, GOC:tb]
The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains. [GOC:jsg]
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules, where both cells are part of the same organism. [GOC:hb]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more protein molecules, or a protein and another macromolecule or complex, through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or its assembly within or outside a cell. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds in polypeptides by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an endopeptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes nonterminal peptide bonds in polypeptides. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protease or peptidase. [GOC:hjd]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]