A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis. [ISBN:0815316194]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. [GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. [GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. [GOC:add, ISBN:0121245462, ISBN:0896039986]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin transferase activity. [GOC:ai, GOC:tb]
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:jl, PMID:10207076]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. [GOC:hjd]
The modification of a protein by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue. [GOC:krc, PMID:16959570]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a phosphorylated threonine residue within a protein. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a phosphorylated serine residue within a protein. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a GTPase activating protein. [GOC:nln]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, any protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the beta subunit of the catenin complex. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-proline (omega=180) = peptidyl-proline (omega=0). [EC:5.2.1.8]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within a nuclear envelope. [GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase. [GOC:mah]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:ai]
Binds to and increases the ATP hydrolysis activity of an ATPase. [GOC:ajp]
Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172, ISBN:0815316194]
Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0815316208]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) located on the surface of the receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ceb, GOC:signaling, PR:000001971]
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation). [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. [GOC:bf]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:signaling, PMID:17470632, PR:000003096, PR:000007520, PR:000017284, PR:000017285]
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) located on the surface of the receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:uh, PR:000007563, Wikipedia:FLT1, Wikipedia:VEGF_receptors]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:18440775]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. [GOC:dgh]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine. [RESID:AA0039]
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:pf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade. [GOC:ef]
Any process that increases the rate of phospholipase C activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ceb, GOC:signaling]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:11696603, PMID:15173832]
Combining with placental growth factor (PlGF) and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:uh, PMID:12871269, PMID:7929268, PR:000012605, Wikipedia:Placental_growth_factor]
Combining with vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:bf, GOC:signaling, PR:000003096, Wikipedia:VEGF-B]
Combining with vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:bf, GOC:signaling, PR:000017284, Wikipedia:VEGF-A]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any growth factor, proteins or polypeptides that stimulate a cell or organism to grow or proliferate. [GOC:curators]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Combining with a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate. [EC:2.7.10.1, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. [EC:2.7.10]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription. [GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle G2/M phase transition. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:jl, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle, the processes of centrosome duplication and separation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. [CL:0000136, GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. [GOC:bf, GOC:curators, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The progression of the olfactory lobe over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory lobe is the area of the brain that process the neural inputs for the sense of smell. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to granule cells. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:15157725]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb, from its initial commitment, to the fully functional differentiated cell. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:12626695]
The process in which a neuroblast acquires specialized features of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:12626695]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, SO:0005836]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules. [GOC:clt]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins. [GOC:ma, PMID:10330182]
The dispersed less dense form of chromatin in the interphase nucleus. It exists in at least two forms, a some being in the form of transcriptionally active chromatin which is the least condensed, while the rest is inactive euchromatin which is more condensed than active chromatin but less condensed than heterochromatin. [ISBN:0198506732]
A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription. [GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-4 stimulus. [GOC:mah]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, PMID:11532397, PMID:19619488]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized, during the embryonic phase. [GOC:jid, GOC:rc]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized during embryonic development. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex. [CL:0000789, GOC:ai]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the negative regulation of apoptotic process. [GOC:BHF, GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
The process in which T cell receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific locus, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). [GOC:add, ISBN:0781700221]
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the genitalia are generated and organized. [GOC:bf]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, PMID:11532397]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, SO:0005836]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the beta subunit of the catenin complex. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in the regulatory region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the basal transcription machinery. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors. [GOC:txnOH]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. [GOC:mah]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis. [GOC:go_curators]
The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0321000382]
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the C5a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. C5a is a peptide derived from the C5 complement factor. [GOC:jc, PMID:15313431, Wikipedia:Complement_component_5a]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule. [GOC:add, ISBN:0721601464]
The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that increases or activates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [ISBN:0198506732]
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor. Such components include both whole complement proteins and fragments of complement proteins generated through the activity of the complement pathway. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0781735149]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Combining with the C5a product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:add, GOC:mah, GOC:pg, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0781735149]
Combining with any component or product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:add, GOC:ai, GOC:pg, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:11884446]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
A protein complex that contains pICln (CLNS1A) and several Sm proteins, including SmD1, SmD2, SmE, SmF, and SmG. [GOC:mah, PMID:11713266]
A large (20 S) protein complex that possesses protein arginine methyltransferase activity and modifies specific arginines to dimethylarginines in the arginine- and glycine-rich domains of several spliceosomal Sm proteins, thereby targeting these proteins to the survival of motor neurons (SMN) complex for assembly into small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) core particles. Proteins found in the methylosome include the methyltransferase JBP1 (PRMT5), pICln (CLNS1A), MEP50 (WDR77), and unmethylated forms of SM proteins that have RG domains. [PMID:11713266, PMID:11756452]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
Any process involved in maintaining the steady state of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of one or more snRNA and multiple protein components to form a ribonucleoprotein complex that is involved in formation of the spliceosome. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of constituent parts of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. [GOC:ecd, GOC:mah]
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules, where both cells are part of the same organism. [GOC:hb]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin. [GOC:ceb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. [GOC:jid, UBERON:0000948]
A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ceb, PR:000006933]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. [ISBN:0878932453]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase (MAPK). [PMID:9561267]
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11, PMID:20811974, PMID:9561267]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with epidermal growth factor. [GOC:dgh]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ephrin receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a receptor that possesses protein tyrosine kinase activity. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the neurotrophin TRKA receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the insulin-like growth factor receptor. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the insulin receptor. [GOC:ai]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin. [GOC:BHF]
The removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule. [PMID:17208187]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: methylcytosine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 5-hydroxymethylcytosine + succinate + CO2. [PMID:19372391]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions. [GOC:ai]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor CREB. [GOC:dph, GOC:ecd, GOC:tb]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with magnesium (Mg) ions. [GOC:ai]
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:pf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration]
A region of the cilium between the basal body and proximal segment that is characterized by Y-shaped assemblages that connect axonemal microtubules to the ciliary membrane. The ciliary transition zone appears to function as a gate that controls ciliary membrane composition and separates the cytosol from the ciliary plasm. [GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, PMID:21422230]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-motile cilium. [GO_REF:0000079, GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:14521833, PMID:14521834]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary transition zone. [GO_REF:0000087, GOC:kmv, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21422230]
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia, GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:pr, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:13978319, PMID:27350441, Reactome:R-HSA-5617833.2]
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, UBERON:0002544]
The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. [GOC:mgi_curators]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including kynurenine. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: tryptophan + O2 = N-formylkynurenine. The product of the reaction depends on the substrate; D-tryptophan produces N-formyl-D-kynurenine, and L-tryptophan produces N-formyl-L-kynurenine. [EC:1.13.11.52]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring. [CHEBI:30413, GOC:ai]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity. [GOC:obol]
A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:ai]
Modulates the activity of a sodium channel. [GOC:mah]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size). [GOC:cy, GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:pr, GOC:signaling]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:rb]
Catalysis of the reaction: substrate with reduced sulfide groups = substrate with oxidized disulfide bonds. [MetaCyc:DISULFOXRED-RXN]
Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins. [EC:5.3.4.1, GOC:vw, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_disulfide-isomerase#Function]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells. [CHEBI:33709, GOC:curators, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: L-asparagine + H2O = L-aspartate + NH3. [EC:3.5.1.1]
Area of the cilium (also called flagellum) where the basal body and the axoneme are anchored to the plasma membrane. The ciliary base encompasses the distal part of the basal body, transition fibers and transition zone and is structurally and functionally very distinct from the rest of the cilium. In this area proteins are sorted and filtered before entering the cilium, and many ciliary proteins localize specifically to this area. [GOC:cilia, GOC:krc, PMID:22653444]
Part of the cilium where the axoneme ends. The ciliary tip has been implicated in ciliary assembly and disassembly, as well as signal transduction. [GOC:cilia, PMID:23970417]
A membrane-tethered, short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum) that is similar in structure to a centriole and derives from it. The cilium basal body is the site of assembly and remodelling of the cilium and serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth. As well as anchoring the cilium, it is thought to provide a selective gateway regulating the entry of ciliary proteins and vesicles by intraflagellar transport. [GOC:cilia, GOC:clt, PMID:21750193]
A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body. [GOC:cilia, GOC:curators, GOC:kmv, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:16824949, PMID:17009929, PMID:20144998]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia, GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:pr, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:13978319, PMID:27350441, Reactome:R-HSA-5617833.2]
The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins. [GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, PMID:17981739, PMID:18180368, PMID:22869374, Reactome:R-HSA-5620924.2]
The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum) toward the cell body, mediated by motor proteins. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia]
The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the cell body toward the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum), mediated by motor proteins. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia, PMID:17895364]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with magnesium (Mg) ions. [GOC:ai]
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cGMP, the nucleotide cyclic GMP (guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate). [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 5'-phosphate. [EC:3.1.4.17]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + NAD(+) = ADP + 2 H(+) + NADP(+). [EC:2.7.1.23, RHEA:18632]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ceramide = ADP + ceramide-1-phosphate. [EC:2.7.1.138]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of a simple or complex lipid. [GOC:hjd]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A membrane coat adaptor complex that links clathrin to a membrane. [GOC:mah]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The directed movement of substances from endosomes to the melanosome, a specialised lysosome-related organelle. [PMID:16162817]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a melanosome. A melanosome is a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. [GOC:vk]
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, ISBN:08789310662000]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. [GOC:ecd]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = CO(2) + UDP-alpha-D-xylose. [EC:4.1.1.35, RHEA:23919]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
A protein complex that contains gamma-catenin and TCF7L2 (TCF4), binds to the TCF DNA motif within a promoter element, and is involved in the regulation of WNT target gene transcription. [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk, PMID:14661054]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules. [GOC:mah]
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090513]
A cell-cell junction in which: on the cytoplasmic surface of each interacting plasma membrane is a dense plaque composed of a mixture of intracellular anchor proteins; a bundle of keratin intermediate filaments is attached to the surface of each plaque; transmembrane adhesion proteins of the cadherin family bind to the plaques and interact through their extracellular domains to hold the adjacent membranes together by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0815332181]
Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached. [GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0815316194]
Complex of peripheral cytoplasmic proteins (alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenin) that interact with the cytoplasmic region of uvomorulin/E-cadherin to connect it to the actin cytoskeleton. [ISBN:0198599323]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells. [GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:11732910]
Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0815316208]
An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell. [GOC:hb]
A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals. [GOC:dgh, GOC:hb, GOC:mah]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins. [http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/intermediate_filaments.htm, ISBN:0198506732]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a ventricular cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction.  This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A cardiac conduction process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
The attachment of a bundle of His cell to a Purkinje myocyte via adhesion molecules that results in the cells being juxtaposed so that they can communicate. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an indole-3-methanol stimulus. [CHEBI:24814, GOC:mah, GOC:yaf]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. [GOC:ai]
The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue. [GOC:jl, UBERON:0002097]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. [GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell junction at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments. [GOC:mah]
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:pf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration]
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules, where both cells are part of the same organism. [GOC:hb]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. [GOC:hb, GOC:pf]
A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm. [GOC:hjd, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cell adhesion molecule. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the alpha subunit of the catenin complex. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein phosphatase. [GOC:jl]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or its assembly within or outside a cell. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
A prolongation or process extending from the soma of an astrocyte and wrapping around neurons. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1630537580]
Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]
The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. [GOC:go_curators]
A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Rictor (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of PKB (also called AKT). In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Avo1p, Avo2p, Tsc11p, Lst8p, Bit61p, Slm1p, Slm2p, and Tor2p. [GOC:bf, GOC:jh, PMID:14736892, PMID:15780592, PMID:16469695, PMID:21548787]
The component of the mitochondrial outer membrane consisting of the gene products having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. [GOC:nln, ISBN:0198506732]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:16959967]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:mah]
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae. [GOC:ai]
A large complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane that mediates transport of proteins into all mitochondrial compartments. [PMID:12581629]
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:ai]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24270810]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cristae formation. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19279012]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:18681888]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23261939]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24553947]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced cell death. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24252804]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation (mitophagy). [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:autophagy, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24600391]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:dph, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23530063]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome assembly. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:als, GOC:autophagy, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21975012]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone deacetylase activity. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:20497126]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress. [GOC:mah, GOC:TermGenie]
Transport from the mitochondrion to the lysosome, mediated by mitochondrion-derived vesicles [PMID:20619655]
The macromitophagy process that is triggered by a detection of the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. [GOC:PARL, PMID:18200046, PMID:23985961]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus. [GOC:pr]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments. [GOC:sl, GOC:tb]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in a mitochondrion, and is prevented from moving elsewhere. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of a protein to the mitochondrion or a part of the mitochondrion. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across the mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. [GOC:ai]
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. [GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. [GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own serine amino acid residues, or a serine residue on an identical protein. [GOC:pm]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein. [GOC:bf]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine. [GOC:sl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein. [GOC:mah]
A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. [GOC:mtg_electron_transport, ISBN:0716720094]
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine. [RESID:AA0037]
The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process, such as recognition of nutrient depletion, that activates or increases the rate of macroautophagy to bring cytosolic macromolecules to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:9412464]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide. [PMID:14765119]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah, GOC:sgd_curators, PMID:9786946]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:jl, PMID:12115731]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). [GOC:mah]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis. [GOC:dph]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. [GOC:hjd]
The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions. [GOC:autophagy, PMID:15798367, PMID:19289147, PMID:23065344]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a C3HC4-type zinc finger domain of a protein. The C3HC4-type zinc finger is a variant of RING finger, is a cysteine-rich domain of 40 to 60 residues that coordinates two zinc ions, and has the consensus sequence: C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C, where X is any amino acid. Many proteins containing a C3HC4-type RING finger play a key role in the ubiquitination pathway. [GOC:amm, InterPro:IPR001841, InterPro:IPR018957]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with protein kinase B, an intracellular kinase that is important in regulating glucose metabolism. [GOC:jl, http://www.heartandmetabolism.org/]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins. [GOC:vp]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. This reaction requires the presence of calcium. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protease or peptidase. [GOC:hjd]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with magnesium (Mg) ions. [GOC:ai]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers. [GOC:krc]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [GOC:dph]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05]
The function of a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokine, http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=Cytokines, PMID:12183377]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP. [EC:1.1.1.-, GOC:ai]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + 2 NAD(+) + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = 3 H(+) + 2 NADH + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate. [EC:1.1.1.22, RHEA:23599]
A clathrin-coated, membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. [GOC:go_curators]
The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated vesicle. [GOC:mah]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase C activity. [GOC:signaling, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein. [GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequence, a specific peptide sequence that ensures a protein is retained within the ER. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a clathrin heavy chain. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with hyaluronic acid, a polymer composed of repeating dimeric units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine. [CHEBI:16336, GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. [EC:3.2.1.35]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to extracellular adenosine and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:dph]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:9755289]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of glucose across a membrane. [GO_REF:0000069, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:9090050]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of hexose across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Hexoses are any aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. [GOC:vw]
The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:jl]
The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin. [GOC:ceb]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. [GOC:hjd]
Enables the transfer of a specific substance or group of related substances from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the D- or L-enantiomer of glucose. [CHEBI:17234, GOC:jl]
Enables the transfer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of the membrane to the other. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sugar(out) + H+(out) = sugar(in) + H+(in). [TC:2.A.1.1.-]
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [GOC:ai, GOC:dgf]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-keto-sphinganine, a derivative of sphinganine with a ketone group at C3. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of sphingosine. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP(+) + sphinganine = 3-dehydrosphinganine + H(+) + NADPH. [EC:1.1.1.102, RHEA:22643]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0198506732]
The phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process that begins with the phosphorylation of choline and ends with the combination of CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to form phosphatidylcholine. [ISBN:0471331309, MetaCyc:PWY3O-450]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + choline = ADP + choline phosphate + 2 H(+). [EC:2.7.1.32, RHEA:12840]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_muscle]
The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. [ISBN:0878932437]
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened. [GOC:mah, PMID:15205520]
A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism. [GOC:pm, PMID:9302272, UniProtKB-KW:KW-0576]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6. [CHEBI:26666, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-) and one or more unsaturated C-C bonds. [GOC:mah, GOC:vk]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving saturated monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-) and fully saturated C-C bonds. [GOC:mah, GOC:vk]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. [ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinyl-CoA, a compound composed of the monovalent acyl group 3-carboxypropanoyl, derived from succinic acid by loss of one OH group, linked to coenzyme A. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. [CHEBI:15904, GOC:ajp]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22. [CHEBI:27283, GOC:hjd]
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + a carboxylate. [EC:3.1.2.20, MetaCyc:ACYL-COA-HYDROLASE-RXN]
Catalysis of the reaction: RCO-SR' + H2O = RCOOH + HSR'. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a thiolester bond, an ester formed from a carboxylic acid and a thiol (i.e., RCO-SR'), such as that found in acetyl-coenzyme A. [http://www.onelook.com]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + succinyl-CoA = CoA + H(+) + succinate. [EC:3.1.2.3, RHEA:11519]
A zone of apposition between endoplasmic-reticulum and mitochondrial membranes, structured by bridging complexes. These contact sites are thought to facilitate inter-organelle calcium and phospholipid exchange. [GOC:jl, PMID:19556461]
A protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. One well-characterized example is the neuronal SNARE complex formed of synaptobrevin 2, syntaxin 1a, and SNAP-25. [GOC:bhm, GOC:pr, PMID:10872468, PMID:19450911]
A multimeric protein complex that associates with the vacuolar membrane, late endosomal (multivesicular body) and lysosomal membranes. HOPS is a tethering complex involved in vesicle fusion. [PMID:10944212, PMID:23645161]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. [GOC:lh]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi  and Golgi-to-ER transport. [GOC:pr, PMID:16723730]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]
A double-membrane-bounded compartment that engulfs endogenous cellular material as well as invading microorganisms to target them to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation as part of macroautophagy. [GOC:autophagy, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:11099404]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The lipid bilayer surrounding an autophagosome, a double-membrane-bounded vesicle in which endogenous cellular material is sequestered. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:isa_complete]
The process in which autophagosomes, double-membraned vacuoles containing cytoplasmic material fuse with a vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects). In the case of yeast, inner membrane-bounded structures (autophagic bodies) appear in the vacuole. Fusion provides an acidic environment and digestive function to the interior of the autophagosome. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:lf, PMID:11099404, PMID:16874026, PMID:17534139]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment. [GOC:br, PMID:18287528]
The initial attachment of a transport vesicle membrane to the target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane. Docking requires only that the two membranes come close enough for these proteins to interact and adhere. [GOC:ai, GOC:jid]
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS). [GOC:rb]
The initial attachment of an autophagosome membrane to the target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane. Docking requires only that the two membranes come close enough for these proteins to interact and adhere. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:mah]
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, ISBN:08789310662000]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane. [GOC:jid]
The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:jp, GOC:tb, ISBN:0716731363]
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This process begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when vesicle fusion is complete. This is the process in which most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein phosphatase. [GOC:jl]
Acting as a marker to identify a membrane and interacting selectively with one or more SNAREs on another membrane to mediate membrane fusion. [GOC:mah, PMID:14570579]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attached protein receptor) protein. [PMID:12642621]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far. [GOC:mah, PR:000000017]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. [GOC:mah]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a chemokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [GOC:dph]
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury. [GOC:dph, PMID:15039218]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion. [GOC:ai]
The activation of loosely bound or rolling leukocytes by signals displayed on blood vessel endothelial cells, which is typically the second step in cellular extravasation. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:14680625, PMID:14708592, PMID:7507411, PMID:8600538]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of a lymphocyte in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jid, PMID:12391252]
Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury. [GOC:bf, PMID:15269788]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits, that lead to the increased affinity of the integrin for its extracellular ligands. [GOC:add, PMID:12213832, PMID:14754902]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:19295629]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [ISBN:0198506732]
The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:11696603, PMID:15173832]
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:14680625, PMID:14708592, PMID:7507411, PMID:8600538]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CCR chemokine receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CX3C chemokine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]
The function of a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokine, http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=Cytokines, PMID:12183377]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an integrin. [GOC:ceb]
Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain snRNA(s) and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the spliceosomal splicing of one or more substrate RNAs, and which also contain the RNA substrate(s) from the initial target RNAs of splicing, the splicing intermediate RNA(s), to the final RNA products. During cis-splicing, the initial target RNA is a single, contiguous RNA transcript, whether mRNA, snoRNA, etc., and the released products are a spliced RNA and an excised intron, generally as a lariat structure. During trans-splicing, there are two initial substrate RNAs, the spliced leader RNA and a pre-mRNA. [GOC:editors, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:19239890]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen receptor activity. [GOC:obol]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0879695897]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nuclear hormone receptor, a ligand-dependent receptor found in the nucleus of the cell. [GOC:bf]
The function of a transcription cofactor that activates transcription in conjuction with a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor from a RNA polymerase II promoter; does not bind DNA itself. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which potassium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential. [GOC:mah]
A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192801023]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size). [GOC:cy, GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
The component of an endosome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:dos, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:19696797]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centrosome. [GOC:ecd]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cilium. [GOC:dph]
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia, GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:pr, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:13978319, PMID:27350441, Reactome:R-HSA-5617833.2]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue. [CL:0000092, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12161749]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle. [GOC:mah]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0716731363]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any inositol-containing glycerophospholipid, i.e. phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:11395417]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. [ISBN:0198506732]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. [GOC:go_curators]
An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. [GOC:cjm, GOC:jl, NIF_Subcellular:sao-593830697, Wikipedia:Myelin]
Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. [ISBN:0879693568]
A multisubunit ring-shaped complex that mediates protein folding in the cytosol without a cofactor. [GOC:sgd_curators, PMID:11580267]
An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides. [GOC:vw, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:17072892, PMID:17245416]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A condensed form of chromatin, occurring in the nucleus during interphase, that stains strongly with basophilic dyes. The DNA of heterochromatin is typically replicated at a later stage in the cell-division cycle than euchromatin. [ISBN:0198506732]
A multisubunit complex comprising the chaperonin-containing T-complex and several other components involved in mediating sperm-oocyte Interaction. [GOC:hjd, PMID:21880732]
A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0198506732]
A network of small fibers that surrounds the centrioles in cells; contains the microtubule nucleating activity of the centrosome. [GOC:clt, ISBN:0815316194]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage apoptotic process. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase RNA localization to Cajal body. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:25467444]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to Cajal body. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:25467444]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to telomere. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:25467444]
The directed movement of a toxin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:dph, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:17118486]
A process in which a small Cajal body-specific RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a Cajal body. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, PMID:25467444]
The process of inhibiting aggregation and assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that is dependent on interaction with a chaperone. [GOC:dph, GOC:vw]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). [GOC:ai]
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of peptides or proteins produced by a symbiont organism to a location within the host cell cytoplasm. [MITRE:tk]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase. [GOC:mah]
The process in which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0878932437]
The process of assisting in the folding of a nascent peptide chain into its correct tertiary structure. [GOC:mb]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:rb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules) that contributes to the process of protein folding. [GOC:mtg_cambridge_2009]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins. [GOC:vp]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701, PMID:19696797]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex, proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across the vacuolar membrane. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. [GOC:hb, GOC:pf]
An endocytosis process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. [GOC:hjd]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. [GOC:go_curators]
A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:15121898]
A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, often branched, morphology, receives and integrates signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conducts a nerve impulse towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, GOC:nln, ISBN:0198506732]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process where the infecting virus increases the levels of viral proteins in a cell. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A multisubunit protein complex that is involved in chromatin remodeling. It is required for the incorporation of the histone variant H2AZ into chromatin. In S. cerevisiae, the complex contains Swr1p, a Swi2/Snf2-related ATPase, and 12 additional subunits. [GOC:rb, PMID:14645854, PMID:14690608, PMID:19355820]
The replacement, within chromatin, of resident histones or histone subunits with alternative, sometimes variant, histones or subunits. [GOC:jl, PMID:11735001, PMID:15066277]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in nonspecific suppression of gene activity. [GOC:jl]
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ebc, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The generation of L-methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid) from methylthioadenosine. [GOC:jl, MetaCyc:PWY-4361]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine from S-adenosylmethionine. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:vw]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reactions: 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate + H2O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate; (1a) 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate = 2-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate; (1b) 2-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate + H2O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate. [EC:3.1.3.77]
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate + H2O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate. 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate is also known as HK-MTPenyl-P, and 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene as DHK-MTPene. [EC:3.1.3.77, IMG:01681, MetaCyc:R83-RXN]
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate = H+ + 2-hydroxy 3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate. 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate is also known as DK-MTP-1-P, and 2-hydroxy 3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate as HK-MTPenyl-1-P. [MetaCyc:R82-RXN]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with magnesium (Mg) ions. [GOC:ai]
A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. [GOC:lh]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase through the replacement of GDP by GTP. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport. [GOC:jl, PMID:10873832, PMID:16936697]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Rab protein, any member of the Rab subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. [GOC:mah]
Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:mah]
A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3. MLL1/MLL is the catalytic methyltransferase subunit, and the complex also contains the core components ASH2L, HCFC1/HCF1 WDR5 and RBBP5. [GOC:sp, PMID:15960975]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription. [GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are involved in the transition between G1 and S phase of the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ai, GOC:ebc, GOC:vw]
Modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase. [GOC:mah]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response. [GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis. [GOC:add]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space). [ISBN:0198547684]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
Enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The component of the Golgi membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The directed movement of 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate across a membrane. [GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24296033]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Enables the transfer of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride synthesized from adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, from one side of a membrane to the other. [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the cleavage of a phosphorus-oxygen bond by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring. [EC:4.-.-.-, ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a forskolin stimulus. [GO_REF:0000071, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:15937517]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution. [CHEBI:33567, GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of increases in the diameter of blood vessels. [GOC:jl]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. [GOC:mah]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP). [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb, ISBN:0815316194]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate). [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate. [EC:4.6.1.1]
A dense extracellular matrix (ECM) structure that forms around many neuronal cell bodies and dendrites late in development and is responsible for synaptic stabilization in the adult brain. [GOC:sl, PMID:18364019]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation. [GOC:mah, GOC:sl]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system. [GOC:vp, PMID:15139015]
The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-tyrosine to form peptidyl-tyrosine. [GOC:bf]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time. [GOC:jid, PMID:8938125]
De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:pg, GOC:pr, ISBN:0198506732]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein. [GOC:hb]
The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells. [GOC:add, GOC:rl, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16551251]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate. [EC:3.1.3, EC:3.1.3.41, GOC:curators, GOC:pg]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. [EC:3.1.3.48]
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cell proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity. [EC:3.1.3.16, ISBN:0198547684]
The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]
Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft. [GOC:mah, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815316194]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of opioid receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:obol]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a morphine stimulus. Morphine is an opioid alkaloid, isolated from opium, with a complex ring structure. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.  Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions. [GOC:signaling]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein. [GOC:hjd]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme protein phosphatase 1. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments. [GOC:clt]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:pr, GOC:signaling]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction. [GOC:go_curators, Wikipedia:Transmembrane_receptor]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb, UBERON:0000955]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. [GOC:dgh]
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell.  Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell. [ISBN:0198506732]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. [GOC:hb, GOC:pf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. [GOC:nln, ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The developmental process by which a dorsal root ganglion is generated and organized. [GO_REF:0000083, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:18936100]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GO_REF:0000094, GOC:bf, GOC:mat, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:18356247]
Any semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway that is involved in neuron projection guidance. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:22790009]
Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in autonomic nervous system development. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]
The process in which the migration of a sympathetic neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:22790009]
Long distance growth of a single sympathetic neuron projection involved in cellular development. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:22790009]
The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a sensory neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. A sensory neuron is an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses. [CL:0000101, GOC:pr]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trigeminal ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a chemical. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf, GOC:isa_complete]
The long distance growth of a single cell process, that is involved in the migration of an axon growth cone, where the migration is directed to a specific target site by a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. [GOC:ef, GOC:jid]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:signaling, PMID:17470632, PR:000003096, PR:000007520, PR:000017284, PR:000017285]
The movement of trunk neural crest cells from the neural tube, travelling ventrally through the anterior half of each sclerotome. Trunk neural crest cells that remain in the sclerotome form the dorsal root ganglia containing the sensory neurons. Trunk neural crest cells that continue more ventrally form the sympathetic ganglia, the adrenal medulla, and the nerve clusters surrounding the aorta. [GOC:bf, GOC:mat, GOC:PARL, PMID:16319111, PMID:19386662]
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. [ISBN:0198506732]
The directional movement of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone producing neuron from the nasal placode to the hypothalamus. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:12626695]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the vestibulocochlear nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0838580343]
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the facial nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0838580343]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. [GOC:jid, UBERON:0000948]
The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. [ISBN:0878932437]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. [GOC:dgh]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature. [CL:0000540, GOC:go_curators]
The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, ISBN:0878932437]
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. [ISBN:0878932453]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Combining with a semaphorin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:15239958]
Combining with a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
A protein complex of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane that consists of IRE1 (Inositol-requiring enzyme-1), TRAF2 (TNF receptor-associated factor 2) and ASK1 (Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, a MAP3K). [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:12050113, PMID:23000344]
A protein complex consisting of IRE1 (inositol-requiring enzyme-1) bound to AIP1 (ASK1-interacting protein 1/DAB2-interacting protein). [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:18281285]
A protein complex comprising tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1). This complex is thought to disrupt the TNF signaling cascade, thus down-regulating inflammatory responses. [GOC:BHF, PMID:16636664]
Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. [PMID:16645198, PMID:20044567]
A protein complex that contains at least CD40 (a cell surface receptor of the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily), and other signaling molecules. [GOC:BHF, PMID:20614026, PMID:9221764]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell. [GOC:mah, GOC:vesicle]
The leaflet the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface. [GOC:dos, GOC:tb]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase and enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. The complex also contains other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex. [GOC:jh2, PMID:9529603]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB phosphorylation. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PubMed:23675531]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23453807]
A necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:21760595]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitric oxide stimulus. [GOC:mah, GOC:yaf]
A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K63-linked ubiquitination does not target the substrate protein for degradation, but is involved in several pathways, notably as a signal to promote error-free DNA postreplication repair. [GOC:mah, PMID:15556404]
The formation of a protein homotrimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated identical subunits. [GOC:hjd]
The ubiquitination by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein. Ubiquitination occurs on the lysine residue by formation of an isopeptide crosslink. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:15087454, PMID:15170030]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of immunoglobulins from a cell. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. [GOC:bf]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, occurring at the level of an individual cell. [GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity. [GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. [GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a tumor necrosis factor to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production. [GOC:mah]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:mah]
The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues. [GOC:jl, PMID:12773372]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. [GOC:add]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with sphingolipids, a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any thioesterase enzyme. [GOC:dl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins. [GOC:vp]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein phosphatase. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with CD40, a receptor found on the surface of all B-lymphocytes. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0120781859]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the tumor necrosis factor receptor. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y --> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:jh2, PMID:9635407]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A type of endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm. [PMID:11566881, PMID:16533950]
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:19696797]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The directed movement of ferric iron (Fe(III) or Fe3+) ions from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis. [GOC:mah, PMID:8321236]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The directed movement of copper ions into a cell or organelle. [GOC:ai]
The controlled release of proteins from a cell. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe3+ + NADPH = 2 Fe2+ + H+ + NADP+ . [MetaCyc:RXN0-6555]
Catalysis of the reaction: Cu+ + NAD+ + H+ = Cu2+ + NADH. [PMID:10510271]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. Its development starts with the formation of the mammary line and ends as the mature gland cycles between nursing and weaning stages. [PMID:9576833]
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. [ISBN:0198506732]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:signaling]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in a distal enhancer region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A large complex that acts as a tethering factor involved in transporting vesicles from the ER through the Golgi to the plasma membrane. A TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex has a core set of proteins which are joined by specific subunits depending on the cellular component where a given TRAPP complex is active. [GOC:bhm, GOC:vw, PMID:22669257]
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194]
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum. [ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0815316194]
The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:jp, GOC:tb, ISBN:0716731363]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments. [GOC:clt]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome. [GOC:mah]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]
The plasma membrane fusion process that results in fusion of mononuclear osteoclasts to form a multinuclear osteoclast. [CL:0000092, CL:0000779, GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, PMID:12713016]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-4 stimulus. [GOC:mah]
The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell, an immunocompetent cell of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin. [CL:0000782, GOC:jl]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus. [GOC:yaf, PMID:14687666]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage fusion. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue. [CL:0000092, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12161749]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. [GOC:go_curators]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits. [ISBN:0198506732]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine). [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE, ISBN:0716720094]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai]
A protein complex which is capable of GABA-A receptor activity. In human, it is usually composed of either two alpha, two beta and one gamma chain of the GABA-A receptor subunits or 5 chains of the GABA-A receptor subunits rho1-3 (formally known as GABA-C receptor). [GO_REF:0000088, GOC:bhm, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:18790874]
The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. [ISBN:0198506732]
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. [GOC:nln, ISBN:0198506732]
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html, ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The directed movement of chloride across a membrane. [GOC:TermGenie, GOC:vw]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a histamine stimulus. Histamine, the biogenic amine 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine, is involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:mah]
Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0877797099]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. [GOC:go_curators]
The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a neuron, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. [GOC:jl, MeSH:D009435]
The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a chloride (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. [GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) to initiate a change in cell activity. GABA-A receptors function as chloride channels. [PMID:8974333]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction. [GOC:bf]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:pf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals. [GOC:mah]
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Ras superfamily. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. [GOC:mah]
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. [GOC:kd, GOC:mah]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, PMID:22863777]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y --> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:jh2, PMID:9635407]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the activity of a SMAD protein, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism. [ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide. [GOC:cab2]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein. [GOC:hb]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond. [EC:3.1.1, EC:3.1.1.1, GOC:curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphate. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a substrate by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine). [Wikipedia:Serine_hydrolase]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of the organelle membrane consisting of the gene products having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The directed movement of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. [GOC:ai, GOC:krc]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. [GOC:ai]
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [GOC:ai, GOC:dgf]
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction. [GOC:go_curators, Wikipedia:Transmembrane_receptor]
A protein complex consisting of cyclin D2 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner. [GOC:so, PMID:15935619]
A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. [GOC:go_curators, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/complex/documentation/]
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. [GOC:mah, GOC:pz]
An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815332181]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription. [GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are enzyme complexes that contain a kinase catalytic subunit associated with a regulatory cyclin partner. [GOC:krc, PMID:11602261]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ionomycin stimulus. [GO_REF:0000071, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:17516843]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate stimulus. [GO_REF:0000071, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:2200903]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-4 stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. [GOC:mah]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cell cycle arrest, the process in which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases. [GOC:mah]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat. [GOC:dph]
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. [GOC:jid]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling. [GOC:bf]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease. [GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size. [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that increases the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:17329565]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus. [GOC:sm]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cyclins, proteins whose levels in a cell varies markedly during the cell cycle, rising steadily until mitosis, then falling abruptly to zero. As cyclins reach a threshold level, they are thought to drive cells into G2 phase and thus to mitosis. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. This reaction requires the binding of a regulatory cyclin subunit and full activity requires stimulatory phosphorylation by a CDK-activating kinase (CAK). [GOC:pr, GOC:rn, PMID:7877684, PMID:9841670]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance. [PMID:16527843]
Catalysis of the reaction: corticosterone + reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O2 = 18-hydroxycorticosterone + oxidized adrenal ferredoxin + H2O. [EC:1.14.15.5, MetaCyc:CORTICOSTERONE-18-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring. [CHEBI:30413, GOC:ai]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: a steroid + reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O2 = an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + oxidized adrenal ferredoxin + H2O. [EC:1.14.15.4]
Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water. [http://www.onelook.com/, ISBN:0198506732]
An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:kmv, GOC:rph, PMID:10930469, PMID:15601896, PMID:16246101, PMID:21556374, PMID:21562044]
Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701, PMID:19696797]
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation). [ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the late sorting endosomes; transport occurs along microtubules and can be experimentally blocked with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs. [ISBN:0815316194]
The directed movement of transferrin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mlg]
The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from recycling endosomes back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport. [GOC:ecd, PMID:16473635]
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine. [RESID:AA0038]
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine. [RESID:AA0037]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
The process that results in the return of receptor molecules to an active state and an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal. [GOC:dph]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a class VI myosin. The myosin VI heavy chain has a single IQ motif in the neck and a tail region with a coiled coil domain followed by a unique globular domain, a unique insertion that enables myosin VI to move towards the pointed or minus end of actin filaments. [GOC:mah, http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/myosin/Review/Reviewframeset.html, PMID:15473855]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein phosphatase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphate groups from phosphorylated proteins. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ebc, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3. MLL1/MLL is the catalytic methyltransferase subunit, and the complex also contains the core components ASH2L, HCFC1/HCF1 WDR5 and RBBP5. [GOC:sp, PMID:15960975]
A conserved protein complex that catalyzes methylation of histone H3. In Saccharomyces the complex contains Shg1p, Sdc1p, Swd1p, Swd2p, Swd3p, Spp1p, Bre2p, and the trithorax-related Set1p; in mammals it contains the catalytic subunit (SETD1A or SETD1B), WDR5, WDR82, RBBP5, ASH2L/ASH2, CXXC1/CFP1, HCFC1 and DPY30. [PMID:11687631, PMID:11742990, PMID:11805083, PMID:12488447, PMID:18508253, PMID:18838538]
A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3, and which contains either of the protein subunits MLL3 or MLL4 in mammals, or equivalent in other species. [GOC:sart, PMID:21875999]
A multimeric complex that is able to catalyze the addition of methyl groups to histone proteins. [GOC:bf]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 4 of the histone. [GOC:ai, GOC:pr]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, SO:0005836]
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 4) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 4). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group onto lysine at position 4 of the histone H3 protein. [PMID:12086618]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone protein in which a residue has been modified by methylation. Histones are any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes. [GOC:bf, PMID:14585615]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai, http://www.onelook.com/]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:sart, PMID:19135896, PMID:21041441]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:kmv, GOC:rph, PMID:10930469, PMID:15601896, PMID:16246101, PMID:21556374, PMID:21562044]
A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes. [GOC:mah, PMID:11252894]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194]
A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701, PMID:19696797]
The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport. [GOC:jl, PMID:10873832, PMID:16936697]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The process that results in the return of receptor molecules to an active state and an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal. [GOC:dph]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo. [GOC:bf]
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. [GOC:dgh, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. [GOC:sm]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules in a signaling pathway, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Adaptor molecules themselves do not have catalytic activity. [GOC:bf]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
A protein complex that is composed of AKTIP/FTS, FAM160A2/p107FHIP, and one or more members of the Hook family of proteins, HOOK1, HOOK2, and HOOK3. The complex is thought to promote vesicle trafficking and/or fusion, and associates with the homotypic vesicular sorting complex (the HOPS complex). [GOC:ab, GOC:mah, PMID:18799622]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
A multimeric protein complex that associates with the vacuolar membrane, late endosomal (multivesicular body) and lysosomal membranes. HOPS is a tethering complex involved in vesicle fusion. [PMID:10944212, PMID:23645161]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the late sorting endosomes; transport occurs along microtubules and can be experimentally blocked with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs. [ISBN:0815316194]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0716731363]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases. [GOC:mah]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a light intermediate chain of the dynein complex. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers. [GOC:krc]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA. [GOC:mah, GOC:mcc]
The chemical reactions and pathways by which the various amino acids become bonded to their corresponding tRNAs. The most common route for synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA is by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, usually catalyzed by the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA ligase. A given aminoacyl-tRNA ligase aminoacylates all species of an isoaccepting group of tRNA molecules. [GOC:ma, GOC:mah, MetaCyc:Aminoacyl-tRNAs]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex. [GOC:mah]
The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA. [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. [GOC:go_curators]
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically. [GOC:curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the joining of an amino acid and a nucleic acid (usually tRNA) or poly(ribitol phosphate), with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate. The reaction forms an aminoacyl-tRNA or a related compound. [EC:6.1.1, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate. [EC:6, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-alanine + tRNA(Ala) = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNA(Ala). [EC:6.1.1.7]
Catalysis of the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA from ATP, amino acid, and tRNA with the release of diphosphate and AMP. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with transfer RNA. [GOC:ai]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The area in the center of the anaphase spindle consisting of microtubules, microtubule bundling factors and kinesin motors where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap in an antiparallel manner. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, GOC:vw]
The area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap. [GOC:ai, PMID:15296749]
A eukaryotically conserved protein complex that localizes to kinetochores in early mitosis, the spindle mid-zone in anaphase B and to the telophase midbody. It has been proposed that the passenger complex coordinates various events based on its location to different structures during the course of mitosis. Complex members include the BIR-domain-containing protein Survivin, Aurora kinase, INCENP and Borealin. [GOC:vw, PMID:16824200, PMID:19570910]
A centrosome from which one pole of a mitotic or meiotic spindle is organized. [GOC:mah]
A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis. [ISBN:0815316194]
A region in which centric, heterochromatic portions of one or more chromosomes form a compact structure. [PMID:12384572, PMID:15053486, PMID:16831888]
Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole. [ISBN:0815316194]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The region of a condensed nuclear chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome. [GOC:elh, GOC:kmv]
The region of a condensed chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome. [GOC:elh, GOC:kmv]
A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules. [GOC:elh]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomere capping. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23959892]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). [GOC:ai]
The cell cycle process in which the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components forms the spindle midzone. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, GOC:vw, PMID:24239120]
The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an phosphate group to a serine residue at position 28 of the histone. [GOC:jl]
Generation of the cleavage furrow, a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate that marks the site of cytokinesis. This process includes the recruitment and localized activation of signals such as RhoA at the site of the future furrow to ensure that furrowing initiates at the correct site in the cell. [GOC:ans, PMID:15811947, PMID:20687468, PMID:2192590]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers. [GOC:mah]
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the kinetochore. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. [GOC:mah]
A cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the mitotic or meiotic spindle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:ma, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mah]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mah]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process. [GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a serine residue of a histone. Histones are any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate; and ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription. [GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia, GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:pr, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:13978319, PMID:27350441, Reactome:R-HSA-5617833.2]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. [GOC:dgh, GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0471245208, ISBN:0721662544]
Any process that modulates the size of a cell. [GOC:go_curators]
The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. [GOC:mtg_heart, ISBN:0192800825]
Any process involved in maintaining the steady state of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. [GOC:dph]
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194, Reactome:69278]
Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are involved in the transition between G1 and S phase of the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a section of chromatin that is associated with gene promoter sequences of DNA. [PMID:19948729]
The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific domain of a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in the transcription regulatory region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity. [GOC:mah]
The regulated production of heat in response to short term environmental changes, such as stress, diet or reduced temperature. [PMID:17260010, PMID:20363363]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. [GOC:rph, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process involved in the balance between food intake (energy input) and energy expenditure. [GOC:yaf, PMID:15919751]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells. [GOC:jl]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. [CHEBI:32988]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. [CHEBI:32988]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells. [CHEBI:33709, GOC:curators, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amide. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. [GOC:go_curators, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/complex/documentation/]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome. [GOC:mah]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily, a group of related proteins that contain an extended region of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil in the main chain that likely produces dimerization. The native complexes of several kinesin family members have also been shown to contain additional peptides, often designated light chains as all of the noncatalytic subunits that are currently known are smaller than the chain that contains the motor unit. Kinesin complexes generally possess a force-generating enzymatic activity, or motor, which converts the free energy of the gamma phosphate bond of ATP into mechanical work. [GOC:mah, http://www.proweb.org/kinesin//KinesinMotility.html, http://www.proweb.org/kinesin//KinesinStructure.html]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the enteric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. [FMA:66070, GOC:jid, GOC:sr]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. [GOC:sm]
Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time. [GOC:dph]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + 2 H+. May or may not be coupled to another reaction. [EC:3.6.1.3, GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of movement along a microtubule, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate (usually ATP). [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Catalysis of the generation of force resulting either in movement along a microfilament or microtubule, or in torque resulting in membrane scission, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:11242086]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
Any cytoplasm that is part of a axon. [GO_REF:0000064, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:18667152]
A membrane coat adaptor complex that links clathrin to a membrane. [GOC:mah]
A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta3, delta, mu3 and sigma3 subunits and is found associated with endosomal membranes. AP-3 does not appear to associate with clathrin in all organisms. In at least humans, the AP-3 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (beta3A and beta3B, mu3A and mu3B, and sigma3A and sigma3B). [GOC:mah, PMID:10611976, PMID:21097499]
Any of several different proteinaceous coats that can associate with membranes. Membrane coats include those formed by clathrin plus an adaptor complex, the COPI and COPII complexes, and possibly others. They are found associated with membranes on many vesicles as well as other membrane features such as pits and perhaps tubules. [GOC:mah]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12154375, PMID:9133426]
The directed movement of synaptic vesicle along axonal microtubules from the cell body to the presynapse. [GOC:jid, GOC:lmg]
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen of exogenous origin in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family. [GOC:add, PMID:10375559, PMID:15928678, PMID:15928680]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a melanosome. A melanosome is a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. [GOC:vk]
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591, PMID:15928678]
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, ISBN:08789310662000]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons. [ISBN:0815316194]
The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers. [http://www.graylab.ac.uk/omd/, ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein. [GOC:curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules) using energy from the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein phosphatase. [GOC:jl]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The directed movement of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of glycine, aminoethanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb, UBERON:0000955]
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729, PMID:10839820]
Enables the transfer of amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neurotransmitter(out) + Na+(out) = neurotransmitter(in) + Na+(in). [TC:2.A.22.-.-]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A double-membrane-bounded compartment that engulfs endogenous cellular material as well as invading microorganisms to target them to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation as part of macroautophagy. [GOC:autophagy, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:11099404]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular protein localization. Cellular protein localization is any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location and encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, GOC:vw]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure.  Autophagosomes then fuse with a lysosome (or vacuole) releasing single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies that are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Though once thought to be a purely non-selective process, it appears that some types of macroautophagy, e.g. macropexophagy, macromitophagy, may involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded. [PMID:11099404, PMID:12914914, PMID:15798367, PMID:16973210, PMID:20159618, PMID:9412464]
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein. [GOC:go_curators]
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. [GOC:add, GOC:isa_complete]
The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone. [CL:0000062, GO_REF:0000034, GOC:jid]
The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm. [GOC:autophagy, PMID:9412464]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ubiquitin, a protein that when covalently bound to other cellular proteins marks them for proteolytic degradation. [GOC:ecd]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein processing, any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. [GOC:mah]
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia, GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:pr, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:13978319, PMID:27350441, Reactome:R-HSA-5617833.2]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles). [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=midbrain]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=forebrain]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling that is involved in the patterns of cell differentiation in the ventral spinal cord. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, GOC:tb, PMID:11262869]
The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0838580343]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the telencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The telencephalon is the paired anteriolateral division of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:12626695]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:11179871]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:sao1045389829]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah, GOC:sgd_curators, PMID:9786946]
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:18846107, PMID:21494263]
The process of creating dynamin protein family polymers, compounds composed of a large number of dynamin family monomers around a lipid tube of a dividing mitochondrion. Dynamin polymers form around lipid tubes and contribute to membrane fission. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments. [PMID:11038192]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. [ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701, PMID:19696797]
An area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell formed through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and the target cell and facilitating activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:11244041, PMID:11376300]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell. [GOC:obol]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immunological synapse formation. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor secretion. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:15560120]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling. [GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium. [GOC:TermGenie, PMID:22346749]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium. [GOC:TermGenie, PMID:22346749]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granulocyte colony stimulating factor. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. [GOC:mah]
A reproductive process occurring in the mother that allows an embryo or fetus to develop within it. [GOC:dph]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection. [GOC:ebc]
Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation. [GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation. [GOC:ai]
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 9. [GOC:add, PMID:16551253, PMID:17328678]
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 7. [GOC:add, PMID:16551253, PMID:17328678]
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 3. [GOC:add, PMID:16551253, PMID:17328678]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-3 production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. [GOC:dph, GOC:rl, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell activation. [GOC:mah]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target. [GOC:add]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell. [GOC:add]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response. [GOC:add]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response. [GOC:add]
Tolerance induction of natural killer cells. [GOC:jal, PMID:16546094]
A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code). [GOC:hjd, ISBN:019879276X]
A translation release factor that is specific for one or more particular termination codons; acts at the ribosomal A-site and require polypeptidyl-tRNA at the P-site. [ISBN:0198547684]
Involved in catalyzing the release of a nascent polypeptide chain from a ribosome. [ISBN:0198547684]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. [PMID:16645198, PMID:20044567]
A membrane raft that is part of the plasma membrane. [GOC:jl]
Extended zone of intimate apposition between two cells containing one or more types of intercellular junctions, e.g., the intercalated disk of muscle. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1299635018]
The outer membrane of a muscle cell, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers. [ISBN:0198506732]
A small (70-100 nm) cytoplasmic granule that contains a number of centrosomal proteins; centriolar satellites traffic toward microtubule minus ends and are enriched near the centrosome. [GOC:BHF, PMID:10579718, PMID:12403812]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]
A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments. [ISBN:0815316194]
A protein complex that contains flotillin-1 and flotillin-2, and may contain associated proteins. Flotillins associate into membrane microdomains resembling caveolae. [PMID:17206938, PMID:17600709]
The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. [GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A protein complex that catalyzes the deneddylation of proteins, including the cullin component of SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase; deneddylation increases the activity of cullin family ubiquitin ligases. The signalosome is involved in many regulatory process, including some which control development, in many species; also regulates photomorphogenesis in plants; in many species its subunits are highly similar to those of the proteasome. [PMID:11019806, PMID:12186635, PMID:14570571]
Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0815316208]
An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell. [GOC:hb]
A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals. [GOC:dgh, GOC:hb, GOC:mah]
A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane in adipocytes associated with caveolin proteins, and minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis.  Caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0721662544, PMID:16645198]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides. [GOC:vw, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:17072892, PMID:17245416]
A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701, PMID:19696797]
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:19696797]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm. [GOC:ai]
A membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a cell in the process of migrating or being activated, found on the opposite side of the cell from the leading edge or immunological synapse, respectively. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12714569, PMID:12787750]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin. [GOC:obol]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a membrane raft. [GO_REF:0000087, GOC:dl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19414744]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly. [GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast fusion. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21364645]
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus. [GOC:mah]
A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]
The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis. [GOC:go_curators]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a plasma membrane raft. [GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction. [GOC:bf]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway. [GOC:add, PMID:16551253, PMID:17328678]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion. [GOC:add]
The directed movement of dsRNA, double-stranded ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. [GOC:mah]
A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. [GOC:jid]
De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:pg, GOC:pr, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization. [GOC:hjd]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. [GOC:hjd]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane raft, a small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes. [PMID:12648772, PMID:12803918, PMID:16645198]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protease or peptidase. [GOC:hjd]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell. [GOC:mah, GOC:vesicle]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:16959967]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:19696797]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone biosynthetic process. [GOC:dph]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cortisol biosynthetic process. [GOC:obol, GOC:yaf]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TORC1 signaling. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a thrombin-activated receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. [GOC:mah, PMID:1672265]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. [GOC:ai]
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone. Diacylglycerol and phosphatidate are key lipid intermediates of glycerolipid biosynthesis. [GOC:ai, PMID:8906569]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group. [CHEBI:18035, GOC:curators]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus. [GOC:sl]
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Includes production of cAMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. [GOC:signaling]
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine. [RESID:AA0037]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity. [GOC:go_curators]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is activated by second messengers including diacylglycerol (DAG). [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any phospholipase, enzymes that catalyze of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an activating transcription factor, any protein whose activity is required to initiate or upregulate transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]
Binds to and increases the activity of a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + 1,2-diacylglycerol = NDP + 1,2-diacylglycerol-3-phosphate. [EC:2.7.1.107, GOC:elh]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai, http://www.onelook.com/]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:sart, PMID:19135896, PMID:21041441]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21669198]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a proteasome, a large multisubunit protein complex that catalyzes protein degradation. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
A spliceosomal complex that contains three snRNPs, including U5, bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs. [GOC:ab, GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897, ISBN:0879697393, PMID:18322460, PMID:19239890]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0879695897]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol. [GOC:mtg_sensu]
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. [ISBN:0198506732]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. [GOC:go_curators]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. [GOC:mah]
A spliceosomal complex that contains three snRNPs, including U5, bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs. [GOC:ab, GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897, ISBN:0879697393, PMID:18322460, PMID:19239890]
A multi-subunit complex deposited by the spliceosome upstream of messenger RNA exon-exon junctions. The exon-exon junction complex provides a binding platform for factors involved in mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. [PMID:11532962, PMID:11743026]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far. [GOC:mah, PR:000000017]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. [GOC:mah]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a chemokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [GOC:dph]
The directed movement of a lymphocyte in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jid, PMID:12391252]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [ISBN:0198506732]
The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:11696603, PMID:15173832]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CCR chemokine receptor. [GOC:ai]
The function of a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokine, http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=Cytokines, PMID:12183377]
Functions to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells. [ISBN:0198599471]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which potassium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential. [GOC:mah]
A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size). [GOC:cy, GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
A membrane coat found on coated pits and some coated vesicles; consists of polymerized clathrin triskelions, each comprising three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, linked to the membrane via one of the AP adaptor complexes. [GOC:mah, PMID:11252894, PMID:9531549]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. [GOC:jl, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A cyclic series of interconversions involving S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, L-cysteine, and L-methionine. Couples utilization of the methyl group of SAM with recycling of the homocysteinyl group and regeneration of methionine. [GOC:mah, MetaCyc:PWY-5041]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states. [GOC:hjd, GOC:mah, GOC:pde]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
A spliceosomal complex that contains three snRNPs, including U5, bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs. [GOC:ab, GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897, ISBN:0879697393, PMID:18322460, PMID:19239890]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A multi-subunit complex deposited by the spliceosome upstream of messenger RNA exon-exon junctions. The exon-exon junction complex provides a binding platform for factors involved in mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. [PMID:11532962, PMID:11743026]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue. [GOC:dph]
The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]
The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition. [GOC:krc, PMID:12110900]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RS domain of a protein; RS domains are usually highly phosphorylated and characterized by the presence of arginine (R)/serine (S) dipeptides. The RS domain promotes protein-protein interactions and directs subcellular localization and, in certain situations, nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of individual SR proteins. They also play a role in splicing. [PMID:11684676, PMID:12215544]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns. [GOC:kmv, SO:0000234]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The movement of a population of phospholipid molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet, resulting in loss of lipid asymmetry and surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). [GOC:cjm, PMID:20043909, PMID:20302864]
Catalysis of the movement of phospholipids from one membrane bilayer leaflet to the other, by an ATP-independent mechanism. [GOC:cjm, PMID:20043909, PMID:20302864]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity. [GOC:obol]
The directed movement of a toxin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:dph, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:17118486]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:TermGenie]
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP). [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:yaf, PMID:11919192, PMID:17340152, PMID:18852119]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process. [GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, ISBN:0781765196]
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:18701708]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah]
The control of viability and duration in the adult phase of the life-cycle. [GOC:ems]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. [GOC:dgh]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. [GOC:jid, UBERON:0002048]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. [GOC:ceb]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. [GOC:dph]
Replacement ossification wherein bone tissue replaces cartilage. [GO_REF:0000034, ISBN:0878932437]
Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells. [ISBN:0878932437]
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. [ISBN:0878932453]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [GOC:mtg_mpo, PMID:17572649]
The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation. [ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR2). [GOC:fb_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the type 1 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR1). [GOC:ceb, GOC:fb_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). [GOC:ceb]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell. [GOC:hb]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The process in which a cell in an organism interprets its surroundings. [GOC:go_curators]
The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell. [ISBN:0198506732]
The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cell adhesion molecule. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. [GOC:jl, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/]
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a ruffle. [GOC:mah]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork. [ISBN:0124325653]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of renal water transport. [GOC:obol]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity. [GOC:obol]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork. The formation of ruffles (also called membrane ruffling) is thought to be controlled by a group of enzymes known as Rho GTPases, specifically RhoA, Rac1 and cdc42. [GOC:yaf, http:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_ruffling, PMID:12556481]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein. [GOC:tb]
The process of directing proteins towards the plasma membrane; usually uses signals contained within the protein. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts. [GOC:ai]
The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphatidylinositol. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process of removing a phosphate group from any mono- or polyphosphorylated inositol. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling. [GOC:bf]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process in which a host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription. [GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that increases the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time. [GOC:mtg_25march11, GOC:yaf]
Any process the stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule. [GOC:bf]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. [GOC:hjd]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol bisphosphate + phosphate. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the removal of the 5-phosphate group of a phosphatidylinositol phosphate. [GOC:elh]
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate + phosphate. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate + phosphate. [GOC:pf]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol bisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate. [GOC:hb]
Combining with vasopressin to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:ai]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation. [GOC:jl]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:19295629]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-27 receptor. [GOC:go_curators]
Combining with a cytokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria. [PMID:12588810]
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of an erythrocyte without a nucleus. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. [GOC:jid, UBERON:0000948]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. [GOC:hjd]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring. [CHEBI:30413, GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxygen (O2). [GOC:jl]
Enables the directed movement of oxygen into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [GOC:ai]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the sarcoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:rph]
A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell; continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope; that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage. [GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0198547684]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Type of synapse characterized by an electron-dense ribbon, lamella (bar) or spherical body in the presynaptic process cytoplasm. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1884931180]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
The directed movement of calcium ion from cytosol to endoplasmic reticulum. [GO_REF:0000078, GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:16402920]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:16782817]
The transport of an inorganic cation across a membrane and against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from ATP hydrolysis. [GOC:BHF]
A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the sarcoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:mah]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the T-tubule. A T-tubule is an invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings. [GOC:mah]
The physiological enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division, as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, GOC:mtg_muscle]
The process of conversion of fast-contracting muscle fibers to a slower character. This may involve slowing of contractile rate, slow myosin gene induction, increase in oxidative metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]
Any series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation. [GOC:mah]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell. [GOC:ceb, GOC:mah]
The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:10358008]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a S100 protein. S100 is a small calcium and zinc binding protein produced in astrocytes that is implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome and ALS. [GOC:jid]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Ca2+(cis) = ADP + phosphate + Ca2+(trans). [EC:3.6.3.8]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. [PMID:16645198, PMID:20044567]
The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. [GOC:dgh, GOC:mah]
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:ai]
The clustering and aggregation of membrane rafts at a single cellular pole during activation of particular cell types, such as lymphocytes. [PMID:12615889]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the myelin sheath of a nerve. [GOC:mah]
A conserved heterodimeric complex with SUMO activating enzyme activity. [PMID:15601841]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24270810]
The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxyl terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein. [GOC:jl, PMID:11265250]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification). [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules) using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the activation of the proteolytically processed small ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond. [GOC:rn, PMID:10187858, PMID:11265250]
Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein C-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 1-carboxy function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. [GOC:jl]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide. [GOC:cab2]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the RAGE receptor, the receptor for advanced glycation end-products. [GOC:ai]
A ribonucleoprotein complex that is found in the cytoplasm of axons and dendrites, and transports translationally silenced mRNAs to dendritic synapses, where they are released and translated in response to specific exogenous stimuli. [GOC:BHF, GOC:go_curators, GOC:mah, PMID:19015237, PMID:20368989]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
A dense aggregation in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress. [GOC:ans, PMID:17284590, PMID:17601829, PMID:17967451, PMID:20368989]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing, the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA. [GOC:jl]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). [GOC:mah]
The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition. [GOC:krc, PMID:12110900]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any complex of RNA and protein. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators, GOC:vk]
A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription. [GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in the regulatory region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. [GOC:ai]
Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at the core promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. The initiation phase ends just before and does not include promoter clearance, or release, which is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription. [GOC:jid, GOC:txnOH, PMID:18280161]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3. MLL1/MLL is the catalytic methyltransferase subunit, and the complex also contains the core components ASH2L, HCFC1/HCF1 WDR5 and RBBP5. [GOC:sp, PMID:15960975]
A protein complex that does not contain either a TATA-binding protein (TBP) or a TBP-like factor, but is composed of several TAFIIs and other proteins, including a histone acetyltransferase. This complex is able to nucleate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II, can mediate transcriptional activation, and has histone acetyltransferase activity. [PMID:10373431, PMID:9603525]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A complex composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFs); the total mass is typically about 800 kDa. Most of the TAFs are conserved across species. In TATA-containing promoters for RNA polymerase II (Pol II), TFIID is believed to recognize at least two distinct elements, the TATA element and a downstream promoter element. TFIID is also involved in recognition of TATA-less Pol II promoters. Binding of TFIID to DNA is necessary but not sufficient for transcription initiation from most RNA polymerase II promoters. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0471953393, ISBN:0879695501]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase II promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. [GOC:ecd, GOC:mah]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B). Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfates are a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues; the repeat units consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an oligosaccharide. [ISBN:0198506732]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine). [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE, ISBN:0716720094]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, via the intermediate mevalonate. This pathway converts acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), the fundamental unit in isoprenoid biosynthesis, through a series of mevalonate intermediates. [GOC:go_curators, MetaCyc:PWY-922]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. [ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. [GOC:ma]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Hsp70 proteins, any of a group of heat shock proteins around 70kDa in size. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the nonhydrolytic addition or removal of a carboxyl group to or from a compound. [http://www.mercksource.com/]
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring. [EC:4.-.-.-, ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate + ATP = ADP + CO(2) + H(+) + isopentenyl diphosphate + phosphate. [EC:4.1.1.33, RHEA:23735]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane coat adaptor complex that links clathrin to a membrane. [GOC:mah]
Any of several different proteinaceous coats that can associate with membranes. Membrane coats include those formed by clathrin plus an adaptor complex, the COPI and COPII complexes, and possibly others. They are found associated with membranes on many vesicles as well as other membrane features such as pits and perhaps tubules. [GOC:mah]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, ISBN:08789310662000]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Enables the directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [ISBN:0198506732]
A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. [GOC:go_curators, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/complex/documentation/]
A conserved heterotrimeric protein complex that promotes histone H3 and H4 deposition onto newly synthesized DNA during replication or DNA repair; specifically facilitates replication-dependent nucleosome assembly with the major histone H3 (H3.1). In many species the CAF-1 subunits are designated p150, p60, and p48. [PMID:17065558, PMID:17083276]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
The assembly of DNA, histone proteins, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA, into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus. [http://www.infobiogen.fr/services/chromcancer/IntroItems/ChromatinEducEng.html, PMID:20404130]
The formation of nucleosomes on newly replicated DNA, coupled to strand elongation. [GOC:mah]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in nonspecific suppression of gene activity. [GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24270810]
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification). [GOC:go_curators]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0879695897]
A molecular function exhibited by a protein that is covalently attached (AKA tagged or conjugated) to another protein where it acts as a marker, recognized by the cellular apparatus to target the tagged protein for some cellular process such as modification, sequestration, transport or degradation. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators, PMID:19028679, PMID:20054389, PMID:6305978]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=forebrain]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the BMP signaling pathway. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity. [GOC:go_curators]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:signaling, ISBN:0878932437, PR:000000034]
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. [GOC:dgh, ISBN:0198506732]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [ISBN:0471245208]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized. [GOC:jid]
The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:go_curators]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [GOC:mtg_mpo, PMID:17572649]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan). [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced pteridine and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = L-tyrosine + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin. [EC:1.14.16.1]
Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water. [http://www.onelook.com/, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SH3 domain (Src homology 3) of a protein, small protein modules containing approximately 50 amino acid residues found in a great variety of intracellular or membrane-associated proteins. [GOC:go_curators, Pfam:PF00018]
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein. [GOC:ai]
Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. [PMID:16645198, PMID:20044567]
Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:go_curators]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome. [GOC:mah]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serine phosphorylation of STAT3 protein. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:mr, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21704380]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of metanephric glomerulus development, the progression of the metanephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney, or metanephros. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a Peyer's patch is generated and organized. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes. [GOC:dph]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron. [GOC:ai]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the enteric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. [FMA:66070, GOC:jid, GOC:sr]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. [GOC:jid, PMID:10203867, PMID:12723742, PMID:12843304, Wikipedia:Pain]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that increases cell size. [GOC:go_curators]
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl]
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, GOC:yaf, PMID:17881463]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin. [GOC:add]
The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of its intracellular or ecto-domains. [GOC:pde]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah]
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine. [RESID:AA0039]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. [GOC:dgh]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ceb, GOC:signaling]
The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules. [GOC:go_curators]
The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell. [ISBN:0198506732]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. [GOC:hb, GOC:pf]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0824072820]
The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, ISBN:0878932437]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureteric bud over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11, PMID:20811974, PMID:9561267]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate. [EC:2.7.10.1, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. [EC:2.7.10]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. [GOC:mtg_heart, ISBN:0192800825]
Behavior associated with the intake of food. [GOC:mah]
Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators]
The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a neuron, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. [GOC:jl, MeSH:D009435]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
Combining with pancreatic polypeptide PP to initiate a change in cell activity. [PMID:9315606]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm. [GOC:ai]
A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus. [GOC:mah]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors. [GOC:add, GOC:pr]
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591, PMID:15928678]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lectin-like natural killer cell receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0721662544]
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul4 family and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an adaptor protein. [PMID:16792691, PMID:18223036, PMID:18552200]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures. [GOC:mah]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. [GOC:cjm, GOC:jl, NIF_Subcellular:sao-593830697, Wikipedia:Myelin]
An actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory and vestibular hair cells and of neuromast cells. These protrusions are supported by a bundle of cross-linked actin filaments (an actin cable), oriented such that the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion, capped by a tip complex which bridges to the plasma. Bundles of stereocilia act as mechanosensory organelles. [GOC:ecd, PMID:15661519, PMID:7840137]
The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]
Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft. [GOC:mah, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815316194]
A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments. [ISBN:0815316194]
The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:dos, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell. [GOC:curators]
Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0815316208]
Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells. [ISBN:0813516194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:16959967]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork. [ISBN:0124325653]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to late endosome transport. [GOC:BHF]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adherens junction organization. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:als, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21724833]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular protein catabolic process. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:kmv, GOC:obol, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24785082]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to early endosome. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:sjp, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:22621900]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly. [GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie]
Any cell cycle regulatory process that promotes the commitment of a cell from G1 to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ruffle assembly. [GOC:TermGenie, GOC:yaf]
A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus. [GOC:sjw, PMID:9916872]
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers, such as those in the brain, lung or intestine, to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition. [GOC:dph]
Any process that reduces cell size. [GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location. [GOC:bf]
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, apical regions of the cell. [GOC:bf]
Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:mah, GOC:rb, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:16143306, PMID:24335649]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion. [GOC:add]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]
Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the size of a cell. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific domain of a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein component of any cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton). [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments. [GOC:clt]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. [GOC:go_curators]
The removal of amino group in the presence of water. [GOC:sm]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: cytidine + H2O = uridine + NH3. [EC:3.5.4.5]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:hjd]
Any of several large complexes that contain two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and have microtubule motor activity. [ISBN:0815316194]
A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes. [GOC:mah, http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/myosin/Review/Reviewframeset.html, ISBN:96235764]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Any multimeric complex connected to a microtubule. [GOC:jl]
Any dynein complex with a homodimeric dynein heavy chain core that catalyzes movement along a microtubule. Cytoplasmic dynein complexes participate in many cytoplasmic transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Some complexes participate in intraflagellar transport. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes, and may include light chains and light intermediate chains. [GOC:cilia, GOC:hla, GOC:krc, GOC:mah, PMID:12600311]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. [GOC:mah]
The removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the thiol-dependent hydrolysis of an ester, thioester, amide, peptide or isopeptide bond formed by the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. [EC:3.4.19.12, GOC:bf, GOC:ka]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the thiol-dependent hydrolysis of a peptide bond formed by the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and another protein. [GOC:jh2, ISBN:0120793709]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus. [GOC:sl]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. [GOC:hb, GOC:pf]
The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone. [CL:0000062, GO_REF:0000034, GOC:jid]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [GOC:mtg_mpo, PMID:17572649]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a component of the extracellular matrix. [GOC:ai]
A multisubunit protein complex involved in the signaling phase of the apoptotic process. In mammals it is typically composed of seven Apaf-1 subunits bound to cytochrome c and caspase-9. A similar complex to promote apoptosis is formed from homologous gene products in other eukaryotic organisms. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:10428850, PMID:11406413, PMID:12176339, PMID:15189137]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:18846107, PMID:21494263]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation. [GOC:hjd, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:15572351, PMID:15723341]
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:18701708]
Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [CL:0000540, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, MeSH:A.08.663]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=forebrain]
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process and is mediated by cytochrome c. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb, PMID:14744432, Wikipedia:Caspase]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb, UBERON:0000955]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process. [GOC:al, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb, PMID:14744432, PMID:18328827, Wikipedia:Caspase]
The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0878932437]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Increases the rate of proteolysis catalyzed by a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
A membrane-tethered, short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum) that is similar in structure to a centriole and derives from it. The cilium basal body is the site of assembly and remodelling of the cilium and serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth. As well as anchoring the cilium, it is thought to provide a selective gateway regulating the entry of ciliary proteins and vesicles by intraflagellar transport. [GOC:cilia, GOC:clt, PMID:21750193]
A protein complex that is located at the ciliary transition zone and consists of several proteins some of which are membrane bound. Acts as an organiser of transition zone inner structure, specifically the Y-shaped links, in conjunction with the NPHP complex. The MKS complex also acts as part of the selective barrier that prevents diffusion of proteins between the ciliary cytoplasm and cellular cytoplasm as well as between the ciliary membrane and plasma membrane. [GOC:cilia, GOC:sp, PMID:21422230, PMID:21565611, PMID:21725307, PMID:22179047, PMID:25869670, PMID:26595381, PMID:26982032]
A region of the cilium between the basal body and proximal segment that is characterized by Y-shaped assemblages that connect axonemal microtubules to the ciliary membrane. The ciliary transition zone appears to function as a gate that controls ciliary membrane composition and separates the cytosol from the ciliary plasm. [GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, PMID:21422230]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle. [ISBN:0198547684]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway. [GOC:BHF]
The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [PMID:15918910]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-motile cilium. [GO_REF:0000079, GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:14521833, PMID:14521834]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning. [GOC:TermGenie]
The progression of the common bile duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The common bile duct is formed from the joining of the common hepatic duct running from the liver, and the cystic duct running from the gall bladder. The common bile duct transports bile from the liver and gall bladder to the intestine. [PMID:20614624]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. [GOC:dph, GOC:sdb_2009, GOC:tb]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body. [GOC:dph]
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia, GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:pr, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:13978319, PMID:27350441, Reactome:R-HSA-5617833.2]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of inner ear receptor cells. [GOC:dph]
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:dsf, GOC:jid, GOC:tb, PMID:16049113]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a motile cilium. [GO_REF:0000079, GOC:cilia, GOC:krc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19776033, PMID:21129373, ZFIN:dsf]
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, UBERON:0002544]
A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of epithelial structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling. [GOC:go_curators]
The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0878932437]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai, http://www.onelook.com/]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:sart, PMID:19135896, PMID:21041441]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle comprising a matrix of coalesced lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. May include associated proteins. [GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process. [GOC:obol]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, ISBN:0815340729]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of the surface-active lipoprotein mixture which coats the alveoli. [PMID:9751757]
Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylcholine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylcholine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains. [CHEBI:49183, GOC:mw, PMID:18195019, PMID:18458083]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acyl-CoA = 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA. [EC:2.3.1.63, MetaCyc:2.3.1.63-RXN]
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acyl-CoA = phosphatidylcholine + CoA. [EC:2.3.1.23, MetaCyc:2.3.1.23-RXN]
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine + acyl-CoA = 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerophosphocholine + CoA. [EC:2.3.1.104, MetaCyc:2.3.1.104-RXN]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai, http://www.onelook.com/]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:sart, PMID:19135896, PMID:21041441]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
A heterotetrameric DNA polymerase complex that catalyzes processive DNA synthesis in the absence of PCNA, but is further stimulated in the presence of PCNA. The complex contains a large catalytic subunit and three small subunits, and is best characterized in Saccharomyces, in which the subunits are named Pol2p, Dpb2p, Dpb3p, and Dpb4p. Some evidence suggests that DNA polymerase epsilon is the leading strand polymerase; it is also involved in nucleotide-excision repair and mismatch repair. [PMID:15814431, PMID:9745046]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The nucleic acid metabolic process in which the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides are cleaved by hydrolysis. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Correction of replication errors by DNA polymerase using a 3'-5' exonuclease activity. [GOC:ai]
Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes. [ISBN:0815316194]
Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template. [ISBN:1550091131]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway. [PMID:11563486]
The synthesis of DNA from a template strand in the 5' to 3' direction; leading strand elongation is continuous as it proceeds in the same direction as the replication fork. [ISBN:071673706X, ISBN:0815316194]
The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. [GOC:mah]
Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end and uses the homologous intact duplex as the template. [PMID:10357855]
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194, Reactome:69278]
The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' end. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule. [GOC:mah, PMID:22562358]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a DNA template and a 3'hydroxyl group. [EC:2.7.7.7, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae. [GOC:ai]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytol, (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol. [CHEBI:17327, GOC:mah]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. [GOC:go_curators, UBERON:0001003]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. [GOC:go_curators, UBERON:0000010]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. [GOC:bf, GOC:jid, ISBN:0582227089]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 long-chain alcohol + O2 = 2 long-chain aldehyde + 2 H2O. [EC:1.1.3.20]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = an acid + NADH + H+. [EC:1.2.1.3]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The process in which a drug is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]
Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. The reaction is: solute A(out) + solute B(in) = solute A(in) + solute B(out). [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729, PMID:10839820]
Enables the directed movement of a drug from one side of a membrane to the other. A drug is any naturally occurring or synthetic substance, other than a nutrient, that, when administered or applied to an organism, affects the structure or functioning of the organism; in particular, any such substance used in the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease. [ISBN:0198506732]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. [GOC:cjm, GOC:jl, NIF_Subcellular:sao-593830697, Wikipedia:Myelin]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. [GOC:ai]
De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:pg, GOC:pr, ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any inositol-containing glycerophospholipid, i.e. phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:11395417]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylcholine, a class of glycophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Enables the directed movement of phosphatidylinositol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Phosphatidylinositol refers to any glycophospholipids with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]
Enables the directed movement of phosphatidylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Phosphatidylcholine refers to a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space. [GOC:ai, GOC:pz]
The directed movement of hydrogen ion (proton) across a membrane. [GO_REF:0000069, GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie]
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 ferrocytochrome c + O2 + 4 H+ = 4 ferricytochrome c + 2 H2O. [EC:1.9.3.1]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2). [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198547684]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The transport of protons across a mitochondrial membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0716731363]
The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV. [ISBN:0716731363]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin cytoskeleton reorganization. [GOC:BHF]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ai, GOC:ebc, GOC:vw]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Rac protein, any member of the Rac subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. [GOC:ebc, PMID:11702775]
Prevents the dissociation of GDP from the small GTPase Rho, thereby preventing GTP from binding. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. [ISBN:0198547684]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an inhibin monomer, any of the polypeptides that combine to form activin and inhibin dimers. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910, ISBN:0716720094, ISBN:0879010479, Wikipedia:Glycolysis]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + ADP + H(+). [EC:2.7.2.3, RHEA:14804]
A phospholipid microvesicle that is derived from any of several cell types, such as platelets, blood cells, endothelial cells, or others, and contains membrane receptors as well as other proteins characteristic of the parental cell. Microparticles are heterogeneous in size, and are characterized as microvesicles free of nucleic acids. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, PMID:16373184]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090513]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
An acute inflammatory response that involves non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals. [ISBN:0198506732]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [GOC:mtg_mpo, PMID:17572649]
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds in polypeptides by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an endopeptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes nonterminal peptide bonds in polypeptides. [GOC:jl]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus. [GOC:dos]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitric oxide stimulus. [GOC:mah, GOC:yaf]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far. [GOC:mah, PR:000000017]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. [GOC:mah]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a chemokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B. [GOC:ai]
The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the cytosolic compartment. [GOC:dph, GOC:hjd, GOC:mtg_lung, PMID:1814929]
The directed movement of a lymphocyte in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jid, PMID:12391252]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. [GOC:bf]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. [GOC:bf]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. [GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus. [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk]
The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [ISBN:0198506732]
The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:11696603, PMID:15173832]
The movement of a myeloid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15814331, PMID:16056255]
The movement of a dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus. [CL:0000451, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15814331, PMID:16056255]
The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:11244041, PMID:12615889]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CCR chemokine receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any chemokine receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CCR10 chemokine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]
The function of a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokine, http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=Cytokines, PMID:12183377]
Functions to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells. [ISBN:0198599471]
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. [GOC:go_curators]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24270810]
The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop. [CL:0000037, GOC:add, GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:rl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils. [GOC:ecd, http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~g864204/dict-search1.htm]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. [GOC:dgh, ISBN:0198506732]
The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type.  This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms: stem cell asymmetric division maintains stem cell numbers; stem cell symmetric division increases them; maintenance of a stem cell niche maintains the conditions for commitment to the stem cell fate for some types of stem cell; stem cells may arise de novo from other cell types. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0878932437]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA that is assembled into chromatin. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: inosine 5'-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O = xanthosine 5'-phosphate + NADH + H+. [EC:1.1.1.205]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process during cotranslational membrane targeting wherein proteins move across a membrane. SRP and its receptor initiate the transfer of the nascent chain across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane; they then dissociate from the chain, which is transferred to a set of transmembrane proteins, collectively called the translocon. Once the nascent chain translocon complex is assembled, the elongating chain passes directly from the large ribosomal subunit into the centers of the translocon, a protein-lined channel within the membrane. The growing chain is never exposed to the cytosol and does not fold until it reaches the ER lumen. [ISBN:0716731363]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. [GOC:mah]
A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 1a (or orthologs thereof). [PMID:10336434]
An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. [GOC:cjm, GOC:jl, NIF_Subcellular:sao-593830697, Wikipedia:Myelin]
A protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. One well-characterized example is the neuronal SNARE complex formed of synaptobrevin 2, syntaxin 1a, and SNAP-25. [GOC:bhm, GOC:pr, PMID:10872468, PMID:19450911]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. [GOC:ai]
The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The disaggregation of the SNARE protein complex into its constituent components. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. [GOC:rb, PMID:11697877]
The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate. [GOC:kmv]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle priming. Synaptic vesicle priming is the formation of SNARE-containing complexes, bringing synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membranes into close proximity and thereby facilitating membrane fusion. [GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:tb, PMID:15489511]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a syntaxin, a SNAP receptor involved in the docking of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic zone of a synapse. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with both N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) and a cis-SNARE complex (i.e. a SNARE complex in which all proteins are associated with the same membrane) and increasing the ATPase activity of NSF, thereby allowing ATP hydrolysis by NSF to disassemble the cis-SNARE complex. [GOC:mah, PMID:14570579, PMID:15556857]
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. [GOC:mah, GOC:pz]
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space). [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane. [GOC:mah]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the nucleus. [GOC:ecd]
Any process that activates or increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein component of any cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton). [GOC:mah]
Binds to and increases the ATP hydrolysis activity of an ATPase. [GOC:ajp]
The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of the mitochondrial outer membrane consisting of the gene products having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. [GOC:nln, ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism. [GOC:pm, PMID:9302272, UniProtKB-KW:KW-0576]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:22020285]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24898855]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway. A type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of a type I interferon binding to a cell surface receptor. [GOC:dph]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across the mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. [GOC:ai]
Any process in which a mitochondrion or mitochondria are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. [GOC:ai]
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation. [GOC:ai]
Any host process that results in the inhibition of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. [GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein. [GOC:mah]
Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation. [GOC:mah]
Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxyl terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein. [GOC:jl, PMID:11265250]
The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase (JNK). [GOC:bf]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process. [GOC:al, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb, PMID:14744432, PMID:18328827, Wikipedia:Caspase]
The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments. [PMID:11038192]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins. [GOC:vp]
Catalysis of the transfer of SUMO from one protein to another via the reaction X-SUMO + Y --> Y-SUMO + X, where both X-SUMO and Y-SUMO are covalent linkages. [GOC:rn, PMID:11031248, PMID:11265250]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y --> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:jh2, PMID:9635407]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Catalysis of the reaction: H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O. [EC:4.2.1.1]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. [GOC:dph, GOC:dsf, GOC:jid, GOC:tb, PMID:16049113]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the cranial skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. [GOC:dsf, GOC:jid, PMID:16049113]
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimbs are generated and organized. The hindlimbs are the posterior limbs of an animal. [ISBN:0198612001]
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human. [ISBN:0198612001]
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete, ISBN:0521436125]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198596732]
A protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse. At least eight complex components are conserved between yeast and mammals. [GOC:cilia, PMID:15292201, PMID:27243008, PMID:9700152]
Any process in which an exocyst is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. An exocyst is a protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse. [GOC:ai]
The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell. [GOC:mah]
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This process begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when vesicle fusion is complete. This is the process in which most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attached protein receptor) protein. [PMID:12642621]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase and enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. The complex also contains other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex. [GOC:jh2, PMID:9529603]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein. [GOC:go_curators]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that modulates the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is characterized by the presence of many unusual minor bases, the function of which has not been completely established. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: D-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) = D-tyrosine + tRNA(Tyr). Hydrolysis of the removal of D-tyrosine from tyrosine residues in charged tRNA. [PMID:14527667]
Catalysis of the reaction: D-aminoacyl-tRNA = D-amino acid + tRNA. Hydrolysis of the removal of D-amino acids from residues in charged tRNA. [PMID:14527667]
The hydrolysis of an incorrectly aminoacylated tRNA. [GOC:hjd, PMID:14663147, PMID:16087889]
Granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0721662544, PMID:7334549]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:add]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai]
Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:ebc, GOC:mtg_15nov05, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the increase in the symbiont's size or mass on or near the cells or tissues of the host organism. [GOC:jl, GOC:pamgo_curators]
Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents or reduces its increase in size or mass within the cells or tissues of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction. [GOC:jl, GOC:pamgo_curators]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:jl]
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. [GOC:go_curators]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. [ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + NADP+ = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+. [EC:1.3.1.38]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
A protein complex that contains the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Grb2, and is involved in linking EGFR activation to the p21-Ras pathway. [GOC:mah, PMID:7798267]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its cytoplasmic surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:mah]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell. [GOC:mah, GOC:vesicle]
A protein complex that catalyzes the deneddylation of proteins, including the cullin component of SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase; deneddylation increases the activity of cullin family ubiquitin ligases. The signalosome is involved in many regulatory process, including some which control development, in many species; also regulates photomorphogenesis in plants; in many species its subunits are highly similar to those of the proteasome. [PMID:11019806, PMID:12186635, PMID:14570571]
A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals. [GOC:dgh, GOC:hb, GOC:mah]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:19696797]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays. [GOC:mah]
The process in which the branches of the fetal placental villi are generated and organized. The villous part of the placenta is called the labyrinth layer. [GOC:dph, PMID:16916377]
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]
Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:ebc, GOC:mtg_15nov05, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade. [GOC:go_curators]
A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own tyrosine amino acid residues, or a tyrosine residue on an identical protein. [PMID:10037737, PMID:10068444, PMID:10940390]
A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:15006537, PMID:19643732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization. [GOC:mah]
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. [ISBN:0198506732]
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:pf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. [GOC:sm]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin. [GOC:ceb]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ceb, GOC:signaling]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ephrin receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins, adaptor proteins that bind to the transphosphorylated insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors, are themselves phosphorylated and in turn recruit SH2 domain-containing signaling molecules to form a productive signaling complex. [PMID:12829233]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific domain of a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein phosphatase. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SH3 domain (Src homology 3) of a protein, small protein modules containing approximately 50 amino acid residues found in a great variety of intracellular or membrane-associated proteins. [GOC:go_curators, Pfam:PF00018]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the neurotrophin TRKA receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the epidermal growth factor receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently and simultaneously with one or more signal transduction molecules, usually acting as a scaffold to bring these molecules into close proximity either using their own SH2/SH3 domains (e.g. Grb2) or those of their target molecules (e.g. SAM68). [GOC:mah, GOC:so]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein L-tyrosine = ADP + protein L-tyrosine phosphate by a non-membrane spanning protein. [EC:2.7.10.2]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium. [GOC:cilia, GOC:dph, GOC:rph]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle. [GOC:mah]
The coat found on coated pits and the coated vesicles derived from coated pits; comprises clathrin and the AP-2 adaptor complex. [GOC:mah]
A clathrin coat found on a vesicle of the trans-Golgi network. [GOC:mah]
A clathrin coat found on a vesicle. [GOC:mah]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, NIF_Subcellular:sao1969557946, PMID:10559856, PMID:17284835]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194]
An endocytosis process that begins when material is taken up into clathrin-coated pits, which then pinch off to form clathrin-coated endocytic vesicles. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, PMID:18498251, PMID:8970738, PMID:9234965]
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, ISBN:08789310662000]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a clathrin heavy chain. [GOC:mah]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or its assembly within or outside a cell. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. [ISBN:0198506732]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. [GOC:go_curators]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The directed movement of L-alpha-amino acid across a membrane. [GOC:kmv, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:14668347]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The directed movement of L-enantiomer amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]
The directed movement of neutral amino acids, amino acids with no net charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Enables the transfer of an L-amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other. L-amino acids are the L-enantiomers of amino acids. [GOC:ai, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Catalysis of the transfer of neutral amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Neutral amino acids have a pH of 7. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah, GOC:pf]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized. [GOC:isa_complete]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [GOC:ai, GOC:dgf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:mah]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. [GOC:ma]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns. [GOC:kmv, SO:0000234]
A ribosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell; contains a characteristic set of proteins distinct from those of cytosolic ribosomes. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction. [GOC:bf]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Rho family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. [GOC:mah]
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. [GOC:kd, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G-protein coupled receptor. [GOC:ceb, GOC:dph]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals. [GOC:mah]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0716731363]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Rac protein, any member of the Rac subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. [GOC:ebc, PMID:11702775]
Enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Ral protein, any member of the Ral subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + 2 H+. May or may not be coupled to another reaction. [EC:3.6.1.3, GOC:jl]
Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:mah]
The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered. [GOC:mtg_signal, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11, GOC:signaling]
A centrosome from which one pole of a mitotic or meiotic spindle is organized. [GOC:mah]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides. [GOC:vw, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:17072892, PMID:17245416]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein. [GOC:hb]
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cell proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity. [EC:3.1.3.16, ISBN:0198547684]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ai, GOC:ebc, GOC:vw]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
Modulates the activity of a phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule. [GOC:ai]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of magnesium ion across a membrane. [GO_REF:0000069, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:11254124]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. [GOC:jl]
The directed movement of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a protein. [GOC:jl, PMID:15520806]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl group to a sulfur atom on the cysteine of a protein molecule. [EC:2.3.1.225, GOC:ai, GOC:pr]
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (CH3-[CH2]14-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule. [GOC:ai]
Enables the transfer of magnesium (Mg) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:dgf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. [ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + a carboxylate. [EC:3.1.2.20, MetaCyc:ACYL-COA-HYDROLASE-RXN]
Catalysis of the reaction: RCO-SR' + H2O = RCOOH + HSR'. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a thiolester bond, an ester formed from a carboxylic acid and a thiol (i.e., RCO-SR'), such as that found in acetyl-coenzyme A. [http://www.onelook.com]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A complex composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFs); the total mass is typically about 800 kDa. Most of the TAFs are conserved across species. In TATA-containing promoters for RNA polymerase II (Pol II), TFIID is believed to recognize at least two distinct elements, the TATA element and a downstream promoter element. TFIID is also involved in recognition of TATA-less Pol II promoters. Binding of TFIID to DNA is necessary but not sufficient for transcription initiation from most RNA polymerase II promoters. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0471953393, ISBN:0879695501]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie, GOC:txnOH, GOC:vw]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals. [GOC:dgh, GOC:hb, GOC:mah]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase D, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria. [GOC:ai, GOC:tb]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0716731363, PMID:10219233]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. [GOC:jl]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires diacylglycerol. [EC:2.7.11.13]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules. [GOC:hb]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
A multimeric complex that is able to catalyze the addition of methyl groups to histone proteins. [GOC:bf]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription. [GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus. [GOC:jl]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at the core promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. The initiation phase ends just before and does not include promoter clearance, or release, which is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription. [GOC:jid, GOC:txnOH, PMID:18280161]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a receptor for hormones. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a thyroid hormone receptor. [GOC:ai]
The function of a transcription cofactor that activates transcription in conjuction with a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor from a RNA polymerase II promoter; does not bind DNA itself. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A process in which an anion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:dos, GOC:vw]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, ISBN:0815340729]
Any process that modulates the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that establishes the spatial arrangement of mitochondria between and within cells. [GOC:jid]
The regulated release of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the choroid plexus of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles. The cerebrospinal fluid is a clear liquid that located within the ventricles, spinal canal, and subarachnoid spaces. [GOC:ln, http://users.ahsc.arizona.edu/davis/csf.htm, PMID:10716451]
The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]
The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. [GOC:krc]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. [GOC:mtg_cardio]
A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila). [GOC:cjm, GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. [GOC:dph]
Enables the transfer of a negatively charged ion from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:dgf, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: inorganic anion A(out) + inorganic anion B(in) = inorganic anion A(in) + inorganic anion B(out). [GOC:mah]
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [GOC:ai, GOC:dgf]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of substances within a cell. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome separation. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mah]
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. [GOC:jl]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein. [GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. [GOC:ma]
The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Ran, a conserved Ras-like GTP-binding protein, implicated in nucleocytoplasmic transport, cell cycle progression, spindle assembly, nuclear organization and nuclear envelope (NE) assembly. [GOC:rn, PMID:12787777, PMID:14726649]
Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:mah]
A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components.  Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules. [GOC:cjm, ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of movement along a microtubule, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate (usually ATP). [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Catalysis of the generation of force resulting either in movement along a microfilament or microtubule, or in torque resulting in membrane scission, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:11242086]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily, a group of related proteins that contain an extended region of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil in the main chain that likely produces dimerization. The native complexes of several kinesin family members have also been shown to contain additional peptides, often designated light chains as all of the noncatalytic subunits that are currently known are smaller than the chain that contains the motor unit. Kinesin complexes generally possess a force-generating enzymatic activity, or motor, which converts the free energy of the gamma phosphate bond of ATP into mechanical work. [GOC:mah, http://www.proweb.org/kinesin//KinesinMotility.html, http://www.proweb.org/kinesin//KinesinStructure.html]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + 2 H+. May or may not be coupled to another reaction. [EC:3.6.1.3, GOC:jl]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration). [GOC:das, ISBN:0140513590, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ubiquinone, a quinone derivative with a tail of isoprene units. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0582227089]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:rb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. [GOC:go_curators, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/complex/documentation/]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
Nuclear heterochromatin that is located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by the modified histone H3K9me3. [GOC:mah, PMID:20206496, PMID:22729156, PMID:9413993]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin. [CL:0000542, GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, SO:0005836]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
A protein complex that spans the nuclear outer and inner membranes, thereby linking the major cytoplasmic cytoskeleton elements to the nuclear lumen; the complex is conserved in eukaryotes and contains proteins with SUN and KASH domains. [GOC:mah, PMID:18692466]
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. [GOC:mah, GOC:pz]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes. [ISBN:0198547684]
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space). [ISBN:0198547684]
The process in which cytoskeletal filaments are directly or indirectly linked to the nuclear membrane. [GOC:tb]
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a membrane. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits. [ISBN:0198506732]
The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites. [GOC:go_curators]
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul3 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a BTB-domain-containing protein. [PMID:15571813, PMID:15688063]
A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, often branched, morphology, receives and integrates signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conducts a nerve impulse towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, GOC:nln, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0838580343]
The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein. [GOC:ai]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
The behavior of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg. [GOC:jid, GOC:pr, ISBN:0198606907]
The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. [GOC:dph]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y --> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:jh2, PMID:9635407]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Complex that possesses guanylate cyclase activity and is not bound to a membrane. [GOC:mah]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate). [GOC:mah]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate). [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the cleavage of a phosphorus-oxygen bond by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring. [EC:4.-.-.-, ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP = 3',5'-cyclic GMP + diphosphate. [EC:4.6.1.2]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:mah]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space). [ISBN:0198547684]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The directed movement of substances into the nucleus. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP. [GOC:jl]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192801023]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. [GOC:ma]
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H(2)O = choline phosphate + glycerol + H(+). [EC:3.1.4.38, RHEA:19548]
Catalysis of the reaction: a glycerophosphodiester + H2O = an alcohol + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. [EC:3.1.4.46]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester to give a phosphomonoester and a free hydroxyl group. [EC:3.1.4, GOC:curators]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:mah]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase) in the mitochondrial inner membrane. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Assists in the delivery of copper ions to target proteins or compartments. [PMID:10790544, PMID:11739376]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper (Cu) ions. [GOC:ai]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome. [GOC:mah]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm. [GOC:ai]
A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
The process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the cytosolic compartment. [GOC:dph, GOC:hjd, GOC:mtg_lung, PMID:1814929]
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions. [GOC:signaling]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases. [GOC:mah]
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length. [GOC:ef, GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell. [GOC:ceb, GOC:mah]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. [PMID:19387438, PMID:19557428]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:tb, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size). [GOC:cy, GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. [PMID:16645198, PMID:20044567]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in the transcription regulatory region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation. This process acts on misfolded proteins as well as in the regulated degradation of correctly folded proteins. [GOC:mah, GOC:rb, PMID:14607247, PMID:19520858]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-tyrosine to form peptidyl-tyrosine. [GOC:bf]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein. [GOC:hb]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate. [EC:3.1.3, EC:3.1.3.41, GOC:curators, GOC:pg]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. [EC:3.1.3.48]
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cell proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity. [EC:3.1.3.16, ISBN:0198547684]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites. [GOC:go_curators]
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. [GOC:jl, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor. [GOC:signaling, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon regeneration. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:lm]
The regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites in response to their loss or damage. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:pf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any proteoglycan containing chondroitin sulfate as the glycosaminoglycan carbohydrate unit. [GOC:kmv, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). [GOC:mah]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. [GOC:dph]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein. [GOC:jl, PMID:11426647]
A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:pr, GOC:signaling]
Functions to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells. [ISBN:0198599471]
A multimeric enzyme complex, usually a dimer or an octamer, that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate and water. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910, ISBN:0716720094, ISBN:0879010479, Wikipedia:Glycolysis]
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O. [EC:4.2.1.11, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with magnesium (Mg) ions. [GOC:ai]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ral protein signal transduction. [GOC:mah]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals. [GOC:mah]
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Ral family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. [GOC:mah]
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. [GOC:kd, GOC:mah]
Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins. [GOC:ma, PMID:10330182]
A multisubunit complex that binds to the canonical AAUAAA hexamer and to U-rich upstream sequence elements on the pre-mRNA, thereby stimulating the otherwise weakly active and nonspecific polymerase to elongate efficiently RNAs containing a poly(A) signal. [PMID:14749727]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
The targeted, endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-mRNA,  required for polyadenylation of the 3' end.  This cleavage is directed by binding sites near the 3' end of the mRNA and leaves a 3' hydoxyl end which then becomes a target for adenylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21563/#_A2878_]
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule. [GOC:mah]
The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns. [GOC:kmv, SO:0000234]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The region of a mitochondrion to which the DNA is confined. [GOC:jl]
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090513]
A complex that includes the long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase activities in two subunits (alpha and beta), catalyzing two steps of the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle within the mitochondrial matrix. [GOC:ma]
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae. [GOC:ai]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively). [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, MetaCyc:FAO-PWY]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. [ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD(P)+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NAD(P)H + H+, where the acyl group is a long-chain fatty acid residue. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. [CHEBI:15904, EC:1.1.1.211, GOC:pde]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: (3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA = trans-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O. [EC:4.2.1.17]
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADH + H(+). [EC:1.1.1.35]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The protein modification process in which the translation-initiating methionine or formylmethionine residue is removed from a protein. [GOC:imk, GOC:mah]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal amino acid residues from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions. [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#AMINOPEPTIDASE, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions. [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#EXOPEPTIDASE]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0815332181]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal amino acid residues from in a polypeptide chain. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH > 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mah, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH]
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation). [ISBN:0198506732]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of constituent parts of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. [GOC:ecd, GOC:mah]
The specification of male sex of an individual organism. [GOC:mah]
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine. [RESID:AA0039]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ceb, GOC:signaling]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins, adaptor proteins that bind to the transphosphorylated insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors, are themselves phosphorylated and in turn recruit SH2 domain-containing signaling molecules to form a productive signaling complex. [PMID:12829233]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring. [PMID:10209156, PMID:9255069]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate. [EC:2.7.10.1, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. [EC:2.7.10]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The most apical region of the lateral plasma membrane of an invertebrate epithelial cell. The subapical complex lies above the zonula adherens and the septate junction, and is comparable to the position of the tight junction of vertebrate cells. [PMID:11752566, PMID:12500938]
The dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of a epithelial cells in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell. [GOC:sl, ISBN:0815316194]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity. [GOC:mah]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses guanylyl cyclase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:16815030]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of guanylate cyclase. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein C-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 1-carboxy function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue. [ISBN:0198506732]
The cytoplasm of a muscle cell; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum. [ISBN:0198547684]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that prevents the activation of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in an apoptotic process. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:11943137]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:11672522]
Any negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:pm, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19168129]
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP). [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:yaf, PMID:11919192, PMID:17340152, PMID:18852119]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of necrotic cell death. Necrotic cell death is a cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a injury. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]
The process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels. [GOC:mtg_muscle]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle atrophy. [GOC:mtg_muscle]
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:rl, GOC:tb]
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:rl, GOC:tb]
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. [CL:0000746, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply. [GOC:hjd]
The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels. [GOC:hjd]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. [GOC:hjd]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a caspase family protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:ha]
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:14744432, Wikipedia:Caspase]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DED domain (death effector domain) of a protein, a homotypic protein interaction module composed of a bundle of six alpha-helices that is related in structure to the death domain (DD). [GOC:ecd, InterPro:IPR001875]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any member of the death receptor (DR) family. The DR family falls within the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is characterized by a cytoplasmic region of ~80 residues termed the death domain (DD). [GOC:ceb, GOC:rl, PMID:15654015]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code). [GOC:hjd, ISBN:019879276X]
Involved in catalyzing the release of a nascent polypeptide chain from a ribosome. [ISBN:0198547684]
The larger of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). [GOC:mcc]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in a mitochondrion, usually in response to a termination codon (note that mitochondria use variants of the universal genetic code that differ between different taxa). [GOC:mah, http://mitogenome.org/index.php/Genetic_Code_of_mitochondria]
A translation release factor that is not specific to particular codons; binds to guanine nucleotides. [ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the reaction: N-substituted aminoacyl-tRNA + H2O = N-substituted amino acid + tRNA. [EC:3.1.1.29]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures. [GOC:mah]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The formation of a protein homotrimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated identical subunits. [GOC:hjd]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight. [GOC:jid, GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines. An N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine is a phosphatidylethanolamine substituted at nitrogen by an acyl group. [GOC:elh, GOC:mah, PMID:14634025, PMID:15878693]
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule. [GOC:ai]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lipid. [GOC:ai]
A heterodimeric protein complex consisting of conserved large and small U2AF subunits that contributes to spliceosomal RNA splicing by binding to consensus sequences at the 3' splice site. U2AF is required to stabilize the association of the U2 snRNP with the branch point. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, PMID:15231733, PMID:1538748, PMID:2963698, PMID:8657565]
Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain snRNA(s) and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the spliceosomal splicing of one or more substrate RNAs, and which also contain the RNA substrate(s) from the initial target RNAs of splicing, the splicing intermediate RNA(s), to the final RNA products. During cis-splicing, the initial target RNA is a single, contiguous RNA transcript, whether mRNA, snoRNA, etc., and the released products are a spliced RNA and an excised intron, generally as a lariat structure. During trans-splicing, there are two initial substrate RNAs, the spliced leader RNA and a pre-mRNA. [GOC:editors, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:19239890]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0879695897]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the pre-mRNA 3' splice site sequence. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-tyrosine to form peptidyl-tyrosine. [GOC:bf]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein. [GOC:hb]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate. [EC:3.1.3, EC:3.1.3.41, GOC:curators, GOC:pg]
Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. [EC:3.1.3.48]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia, GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:pr, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:13978319, PMID:27350441, Reactome:R-HSA-5617833.2]
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened. [GOC:mah, PMID:15205520]
The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement. [GOC:pg]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription. [GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. [GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [GOC:bf]
Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0582227089]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]
A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of epithelial structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open. [GOC:dph, UBERON:0002073]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a LIM domain (for Lin-11 Isl-1 Mec-3) of a protein, a domain with seven conserved cysteine residues and a histidine, that binds two zinc ions and acts as an interface for protein-protein interactions. [GOC:go_curators, Pfam:PF00412]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific transcription factor, which may be a single protein or a complex, in order to modulate transcription. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well. [GOC:txnOH]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
A focus in the cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. Protein and RNA localized to these foci are involved in mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), translational repression, and RNA-mediated gene silencing. [GOC:clt, PMID:12730603]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene silencing by miRNA. [GOC:dph]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. [GOC:dph, GOC:yaf]
The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus. [GOC:mah]
An mRNA destabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA. [GOC:dph, GOC:jh]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: mRNA cleavage or translational repression. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The ubiquitination by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein. Ubiquitination occurs on the lysine residue by formation of an isopeptide crosslink. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. [GOC:ai]
The process in which microRNAs (miRNAs) block the translation of target mRNAs into proteins. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA will typically mediate repression of translation if the miRNA imperfectly base-pairs with the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs [PMID:14744438, PMID:15196554]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA. [GOC:isa_complete]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression. [PMID:17993620]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. [GOC:ceb]
The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0878932437]
The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, PMID:22863777]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a microRNA, a 21-23 nucleotide RNA that is processed from a stem-loop RNA precursor (pre-miRNA) that is encoded within plant and animal genomes. [PMID:15066283]
Antagonizes ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide. [GOC:ai, GOC:clt]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y --> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:jh2, PMID:9635407]
The small subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol. [GOC:mtg_sensu]
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. [ISBN:0198506732]
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. [GOC:go_curators]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the small ribosomal subunit. [GOC:jl]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. [GOC:mah]
The portion of the photoreceptor cell cilium linking the photoreceptor inner and outer segments. It's considered to be equivalent to the ciliary transition zone. [GOC:cilia, PMID:15917207, PMID:22653444, PMID:8718680]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Any of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding and hydrolyzing proteins; they belong to a superfamily of GTPases that includes monomeric proteins such as EF-Tu and RAS. Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of three subunits; the alpha subunit contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity; the beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a beta-gamma heterodimer; extrinsic plasma membrane proteins (cytoplasmic face) that function as a complex to transduce signals from G-protein coupled receptors to an effector protein. [ISBN:0198547684]
The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs. [GOC:add, PMID:12019563]
The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains discs of photoreceptive membranes. [GOC:cilia, ISBN:0824072820]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. [GOC:mah]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, ISBN:0815340729]
The series of events required to receive an umami taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Umami taste is the savory taste of meats and other foods that are rich in glutamates. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai]
The series of events involved in visual perception in which a light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]
Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192800981]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0582227089]
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. [GOC:mah, GOC:mb]
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal. [GOC:go_curators]
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. [GOC:ai]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP). [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0815316194]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a complex of G-protein beta/gamma subunits. [GOC:nln, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with guanyl nucleotides, any compound consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. [ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G-protein coupled receptor. [GOC:ceb, GOC:dph]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. [ISBN:0879693568]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation). [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. [GOC:bf]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity. [GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. [GOC:mah, GOC:mb]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase (JNK). [GOC:bf]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) activity. JNKKs are involved in a signaling pathway that is primarily activated by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress. [GOC:bf, PMID:11790549]
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. [GOC:mah]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase (MAPK). [PMID:9561267]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, any protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase kinase. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: JNKK + ATP = JNKK phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation and activation of JUN kinase kinases (JNKKs). [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
A protein complex that contains the cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 bound to PCNA; formation of the complex inhibits DNA replication. [GOC:mah, PMID:7911228, PMID:7915843]
A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. [GOC:go_curators, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/complex/documentation/]
Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins. [GOC:ma, PMID:10330182]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are enzyme complexes that contain a kinase catalytic subunit associated with a regulatory cyclin partner. [GOC:krc, PMID:11602261]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process. [GOC:obol]
Any cell cycle regulatory process that prevents the commitment of a cell from G1 to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity. [GO_REF:0000059, GOC:als, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:22995177]
A cell aging process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to telomere shortening and/or cellular aging. [GOC:BHF]
A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest. [GOC:BHF]
An intracellular signaling process that is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53 or an equivalent protein. [GOC:mah]
The process in which the mitotic cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M). [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. [GOC:jid]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. [GOC:jl]
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule. [GOC:jl]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of amino acids. [GOC:ecd]
Any process that modulates the vectorial transfer of a protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers. [GOC:hb]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. [GOC:bf]
A regulatory process that halts progression through the cell cycle during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M). [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage. [PMID:10967424]
A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. [GOC:go_curators]
The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G2 commits to M phase. The process begins when the kinase activity of M cyclin/CDK complex reaches a threshold high enough for the cell cycle to proceed. This is accomplished by activating a positive feedback loop that results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated and active M cyclin/CDK complex. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins. [GOC:vp]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cyclins, proteins whose levels in a cell varies markedly during the cell cycle, rising steadily until mitosis, then falling abruptly to zero. As cyclins reach a threshold level, they are thought to drive cells into G2 phase and thus to mitosis. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein; increases the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK). [GOC:go_curators]
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase. [GOC:mah, GOC:pr]
A protein complex containing at least HFE and a transferrin receptor (either TFR1/TFRC or TFR2), proposed to play a role in the sensing of transferrin-bound Fe (Fe2-Tf) on the plasma membrane to regulate hepcidin transcription. [GOC:BHF, GOC:kom, PMID:25147378]
An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:kmv, GOC:rph, PMID:10930469, PMID:15601896, PMID:16246101, PMID:21556374, PMID:21562044]
Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]
The region of a cell situated near the base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the basal surface rests on the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0185316194]
The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface. [GOC:dos, GOC:tb]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701, PMID:19696797]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor activity. [GOC:obol]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor activity. [GOC:obol]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein ubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. [GOC:BHF]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface. [GOC:obol]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferrin receptor binding. [GO_REF:0000059, GOC:BHF, GOC:kom, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:18353247]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ferrous iron binding. [GO_REF:0000059, GOC:BHF, GOC:kom, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:18353247]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24643698]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ferrous iron import into cell. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23256035]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor. [GOC:signaling, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor. [GOC:signaling, GOC:TermGenie]
The directed movement of iron ions from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis. [GOC:mah, PMID:8321236]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules. [GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process involved in the maintenance of the distribution of iron stores within tissues and organs of a multicellular organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:hjd, GOC:tb]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions within an organism or cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:jid, GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. [CHEBI:24621, GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. [GOC:mah]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:signaling, ISBN:0878932437, PR:000000034]
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591, PMID:15928678]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus. [GOC:sm]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions at the level of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. [GOC:add]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation. [GOC:add]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the transferrin receptor. [PMID:9819414, PMID:pm]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a coreceptor. A coreceptor acts in cooperation with a primary receptor to transmit a signal within the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with beta-2-microglobulin. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0721662544]
A enzyme complex of which the core is a heterodimer composed of a light (alpha) and heavy (beta) chain, and requires several other water-soluble proteins of cytosolic origin for activity. Functions in superoxide generation by the NADPH-dependent reduction of O2. [GOC:jl, PMID:11483596, PMID:12440767]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:19696797]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24252804]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium. [GOC:TermGenie, PMID:22346749]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers. [CHEBI:26523, GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue. [GOC:add]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria. [GOC:ai, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis. [GOC:ai]
A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. [ISBN:0198506732]
Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:ebc, GOC:mtg_15nov05, GOC:mtg_sensu]
The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways. [GOC:jl, PMID:12359750]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway. [GOC:add, PMID:16551253, PMID:17328678]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. [GOC:mah]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cytochrome complex. A cytochrome complex is a protein complex in which at least one of the proteins is a cytochrome, i.e. a heme-containing protein involved in catalysis of redox reactions. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species. [CHEBI:18421, GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring. [CHEBI:30413, GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SH3 domain (Src homology 3) of a protein, small protein modules containing approximately 50 amino acid residues found in a great variety of intracellular or membrane-associated proteins. [GOC:go_curators, Pfam:PF00018]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + O2 = NAD(P)H + O2-. [GOC:ai, PMID:10806195]
Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. [ISBN:0198506732]
The lipid bilayer surrounding a late endosome. [GOC:pz]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm. [GOC:ai]
A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-1 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:15087454, PMID:15170030]
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation). [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components. [GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components. [GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:jl, PMID:10207076]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:add, PMID:16551253, PMID:17328678]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. [GOC:add, ISBN:0721601464]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule. [GOC:add, ISBN:0721601464]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. [GOC:dph, GOC:rl, GOC:tb]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:19295629]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor where the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12467241, PMID:12524386, PMID:12855817, PMID:15585605, PMID:15728447]
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12467241, PMID:12524386, PMID:12855817, PMID:15585605, PMID:15728447]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with magnesium (Mg) ions. [GOC:ai]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. [GOC:dgh]
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell.  Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell. [ISBN:0198506732]
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. [GOC:hb, GOC:pf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus. [GOC:lr]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells. [CHEBI:33709, GOC:curators, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: L-dopa + H+ = CO2 + dopamine. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, RHEA:12275]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the nonhydrolytic addition or removal of a carboxyl group to or from a compound. [http://www.mercksource.com/]
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring. [EC:4.-.-.-, ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the reaction: L-amino acid + H+ = R-H + CO2. [EC:4.1.1.28]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. [GOC:go_curators]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity superoxide radicals or hydrogen peroxide. [GOC:dos, GOC:vw]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:jl]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiocyanate, the anion of thiocyanic acid, a toxic cyanide derivative commonly formed as a by-product in the production of gas for fuel, coke, and substances for chemical industries. [GOC:jl]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:jl, PMID:12115731]
The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: thiocyanate (SCN-) + hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) = hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) + 2 H2O. Catalyzes the hydrogen peroxide oxidation of thiocyanate. [GOC:pm, PMID:12626341]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring. [CHEBI:30413, GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: donor + hydrogen peroxide = oxidized donor + 2 H2O. [EC:1.11.1.7]
A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of S6K. In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Kog1p, Lst8p, Tco89p, and either Tor1p or Tor2p. [GOC:jh, PMID:15780592, PMID:16469695, PMID:21548787]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a neurotrophin to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, GOC:jc, GOC:signaling, PMID:12065629, Wikipedia:Trk_receptor]
Any process that reduces cell size. [GOC:go_curators]
A series of intracellular molecular signals mediated by TORC1; TOR (target of rapamycin) in complex with at least Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, and other signaling components. [GOC:lb]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
A kinetochore component required for both meiotic and mitotic spindle assembly checkpoints. [PMID:12686595, PMID:15922598, PMID:20462495]
A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules. [GOC:elh]
A cell cycle checkpoint that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. [GOC:ecd, GOC:mah]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an oligosaccharide. [ISBN:0198506732]
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090513]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
A type of extracellular matrix found in interstitial connective tissue, characterized by the presence of fibronectins, proteoglycans, and types I, III, V, VI, VII and XII collagens. [PMID:8450001]
A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198547684]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules. [GOC:dph, GOC:pf, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells and which consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with collagen, a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%). [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]
The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface. [GOC:dos, GOC:tb]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:pr, GOC:signaling]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction. [GOC:go_curators, Wikipedia:Transmembrane_receptor]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell. [GOC:mah]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis. [ISBN:0716731363]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of the transfer of a hexosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside. [EC:2.4.1.17]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell. [GOC:curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium. [GOC:ecd, PMID:11839751]
A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:pr, GOC:signaling]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H[CHOH]nC(=O)[CHOH]mH with three or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides. [CHEBI:35381, GOC:jid]
A protein complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and plays an active role in transducing the signal from a transcription factor to the transcriptional machinery. The mediator complex is required for activation of transcription of most protein-coding genes, but can also act as a transcriptional corepressor. The Saccharomyces complex contains several identifiable subcomplexes: a head domain comprising Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p; and a regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Metazoan mediator complexes have similar modular structures and include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins. [PMID:11454195, PMID:16168358, PMID:17870225]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor activity. [GOC:obol]
The process of creating a trabecula in the bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod. [GOC:dph]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. [GOC:ai]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule. [GOC:jl]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals. [GOC:mah]
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an intracellular estrogen receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand binding, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process (e.g. transcription). [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking. [GOC:mah]
The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase. [GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [GOC:mtg_mpo, PMID:17572649]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the AF-2 domain of a protein, a highly conserved ligand-dependent transactivation domain which is essential for receptor-mediated transcriptional activation. [PMID:9682036]
The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased. [GOC:ceb]
The function of a transcription cofactor that activates transcription in conjuction with a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor from a RNA polymerase II promoter; does not bind DNA itself. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an estrogen receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) regulatory transcription factor and also with the RNAP II basal transcription machinery in order to modulate transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal RNAP II transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A spindle that forms as part of mitosis. Mitotic and meiotic spindles contain distinctive complements of proteins associated with microtubules. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, PMID:11408572, PMID:18367542, PMID:8027178]
A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis. [ISBN:0815316194]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai]
The removal of a branching point glutamate residue. A branching point glutamate connects a glutamate side chain to a gene-encoded glutamate residue. [GOC:sp, PMID:21074048]
The removal of a glutamate residue from a protein. Glutamate residues in proteins can be gene-encoded, or added as side chains during the protein modification process of polyglutamylation. [GOC:sp, PMID:21074048]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules. [GOC:clt]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of C-terminal amino acid residues from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions. [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CARBOXYPEPTIDASE, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP. [EC:1.1.1.-, GOC:ai]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+. [EC:1.1.1.27, RHEA:23447]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-tethered, short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum) that is similar in structure to a centriole and derives from it. The cilium basal body is the site of assembly and remodelling of the cilium and serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth. As well as anchoring the cilium, it is thought to provide a selective gateway regulating the entry of ciliary proteins and vesicles by intraflagellar transport. [GOC:cilia, GOC:clt, PMID:21750193]
A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body. [GOC:cilia, GOC:curators, GOC:kmv, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:16824949, PMID:17009929, PMID:20144998]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
The directed movement of protein from ciliary membrane to plasma membrane. [GO_REF:0000078, GOC:krc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:22139371]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. [GOC:rph, GOC:TermGenie]
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia, GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:pr, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:13978319, PMID:27350441, Reactome:R-HSA-5617833.2]
The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a light intermediate chain of the dynein complex. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a small monomeric GTPase. [GOC:mah]
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of glutamate to cysteine, forming glutamylcysteine. [EC:6.3.2.2]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the size of blood vessels. [GOC:ai]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease. [GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase, typically by lowering its sensitivity to inhibition by glutathione and by increasing its affinity for glutamate. [PMID:12954617]
The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:jl, PMID:12115731]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins. [CHEBI:16856, GOC:ai, GOC:al, GOC:pde, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. [CHEBI:16856, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase. [PMID:12954617]
Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + L-glutamate + ATP = L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate. [EC:6.3.2.2, RHEA:13288]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai, http://www.onelook.com/]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:sart, PMID:19135896, PMID:21041441]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protease or peptidase. [GOC:hjd]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. The AMPA receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission in the CNS and are composed of subunits GluR1-4, products from separate genes. These subunits have an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus. [GOC:ef]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocannabinoid signaling pathway. [GOC:mah, PMID:15550444]
A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the decrease in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + acylglycerol = a fatty acid + glycerol. [EC:3.1.1.23, MetaCyc:3.1.1.23-RXN]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:go_curators]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. [CHEBI:16646, GOC:mah]
Combining with a low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the low-density lipoprotein into the cell via endocytosis. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an acid pH optimum. [EC:3.1.3.2]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfates are a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues; the repeat units consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. [GOC:ai]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. [ISBN:0192800981]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate. [EC:3.1.3, EC:3.1.3.41, GOC:curators, GOC:pg]
A protein complex conserved among eukaryotes that forms part of the kinetochore and plays an essential role in forming stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments. The complex contains proteins known in several species, including budding and fission yeasts, as Ndc80p, Nuf2p, Spc24p, and Spc25p. In vertebrates it is part of the outer plate of the kinetochore. [PMID:15509863, PMID:15661517]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
A heterotetrameric protein complex playing a key role in the formation of the central spindle in mitosis. Made up of two molecules each of a mitotic kinesin (ZEN-4 in Caenorhabditis elegans or MKLP1 in mammals) and of two molecules each of a GTPase activating protein (GAP) factor (CYK-4 in Caenorhabditis elegans or MgcRacGAP in mammals). [GOC:ans, PMID:11782313, PMID:16236794]
A spindle that forms as part of mitosis. Mitotic and meiotic spindles contain distinctive complements of proteins associated with microtubules. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, PMID:11408572, PMID:18367542, PMID:8027178]
The cleavage furrow is a plasma membrane invagination at the cell division site. The cleavage furrow begins as a shallow groove and eventually deepens to divide the cytoplasm. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0805319409]
A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis. [ISBN:0815316194]
An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815332181]
A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals. [GOC:dgh, GOC:hb, GOC:mah]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase through the replacement of GDP by GTP. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus. [GOC:mah]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction, an occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus. [CHEBI:16240, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore. [GOC:ai]
The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. [GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. [GOC:jl]
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, ISBN:3527303782]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction. [GOC:bf]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells. [GOC:mah]
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein kinase. [GOC:mah]
The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. [GOC:clt, GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Rho protein, any member of the Rho subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. Proteins in the Rho subfamily are involved in relaying signals from cell-surface receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. [ISBN:0198547684, PMID:12581856]
Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:mah]
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Rho family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. [GOC:mah]
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. [GOC:kd, GOC:mah]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:19295629]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:rb]
Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins. [EC:5.3.4.1, GOC:vw, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_disulfide-isomerase#Function]
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of antiviral mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of -kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. [GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine to form peptidyl-threonine. [GOC:bf]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production. [GOC:mah]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein. [GOC:hb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cations, charged atoms or groups of atoms with a net positive charge. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with manganese (Mn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate, and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cell proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity. [EC:3.1.3.16, ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with magnesium (Mg) ions. [GOC:ai]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A protein complex that is found in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of eukaryotes and transfers lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor to asparagine residues on nascent proteins. In yeast, the complex includes at least nine different subunits, whereas in mammalian cells at least three different forms of the complex have been detected. [ISBN:0879695595, PMID:15835887]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of magnesium ion across a membrane. [GO_REF:0000069, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:11254124]
The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory. [http://www.onelook.com/, ISBN:0721619908]
The glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine and N4 glucosyl asparagine also occur. This modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification. [GOC:jsg, RESID:AA0151, RESID:AA0420, RESID:AA0421]
The directed movement of magnesium (Mg) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Enables the transfer of magnesium (Mg) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:dgf]
Catalysis of the reaction: dolichyl diphosphooligosaccharide + protein L-asparagine = dolichyl diphosphate + a glycoprotein with the oligosaccharide chain attached by glycosylamine linkage to protein L-asparagine. [EC:2.4.1.119]
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:sao1045389829]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah, GOC:sgd_curators, PMID:9786946]
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:18846107, PMID:21494263]
The process of creating dynamin protein family polymers, compounds composed of a large number of dynamin family monomers around a lipid tube of a dividing mitochondrion. Dynamin polymers form around lipid tubes and contribute to membrane fission. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments. [PMID:11038192]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. [ISBN:0198547684]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomere capping. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23959892]
The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from the 3' end of a polynucleotide. [GOC:dos]
Any 3' DNA dephosphorylation that is involved in the process of DNA repair. [GOC:DOS, PMID:11729194]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). [GOC:ai]
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleotide to produce a phosphorylated nucleoside. [GOC:ai]
The series of events required to receive a stimulus indicating DNA damage has occurred and convert it to a molecular signal. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase. [GOC:mah]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:jl, PMID:12115731]
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway. [PMID:11563486]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5'-dephospho-DNA = ADP + 5'-phospho-DNA. [EC:2.7.1.78]
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphopolynucleotide + H2O = a polynucleotide + phosphate. Hydrolyzes the free 3'-phosphate resulting from single strand breaks in DNA due to oxidative damage. [EC:3.1.3.32]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside monophosphate = ADP + nucleoside diphosphate. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA. [GOC:elh, GOC:vw]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism. [GOC:jid]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. [GOC:ai]
Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:ebc, GOC:mtg_15nov05, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the RAGE receptor, the receptor for advanced glycation end-products. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a Toll-like 4 protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:BHF, PMID:18304834]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
An intracellular macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules. [GOC:krc, GOC:vesicles]
The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:dos, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory. [http://www.onelook.com/, ISBN:0721619908]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with kinesin, a member of a superfamily of microtubule-based motor proteins that perform force-generating tasks such as organelle transport and chromosome segregation. [GOC:curators, PMID:8606779]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. [GOC:ai, GOC:pr]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity. [GOC:bf]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:19295629]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators]
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein. [GOC:ai]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases. [CHEBI:26432, GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a phosphorylated protein. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O = 3-ureidopropionate. [EC:3.5.2.2]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule. [GOC:mah]
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. [GOC:jl, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. [GOC:ai]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). [GOC:mah]
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule. [ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules. [GOC:clt]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. The mammalian COPI subunits are called alpha-, beta-, beta'-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon- and zeta-COP. Vesicles with COPI coats are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state. [GOC:mah, PMID:11252894]
Any of several different proteinaceous coats that can associate with membranes. Membrane coats include those formed by clathrin plus an adaptor complex, the COPI and COPII complexes, and possibly others. They are found associated with membranes on many vesicles as well as other membrane features such as pits and perhaps tubules. [GOC:mah]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:mah]
The regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine. Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, ISBN:08789310662000]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or its assembly within or outside a cell. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A focus in the cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. Protein and RNA localized to these foci are involved in mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), translational repression, and RNA-mediated gene silencing. [GOC:clt, PMID:12730603]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, SO:0005836]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A small (70-100 nm) cytoplasmic granule that contains a number of centrosomal proteins; centriolar satellites traffic toward microtubule minus ends and are enriched near the centrosome. [GOC:BHF, PMID:10579718, PMID:12403812]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-motile cilium. [GO_REF:0000079, GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:14521833, PMID:14521834]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:dos, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:16959967]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein component of any cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton). [GOC:mah]
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Rho family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. [GOC:mah]
A complex composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFs); the total mass is typically about 800 kDa. Most of the TAFs are conserved across species. In TATA-containing promoters for RNA polymerase II (Pol II), TFIID is believed to recognize at least two distinct elements, the TATA element and a downstream promoter element. TFIID is also involved in recognition of TATA-less Pol II promoters. Binding of TFIID to DNA is necessary but not sufficient for transcription initiation from most RNA polymerase II promoters. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0471953393, ISBN:0879695501]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on an RNA polymerase II promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription by RNA polymerase. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10882737, PMID:15020047]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at the core promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. The initiation phase ends just before and does not include promoter clearance, or release, which is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription. [GOC:jid, GOC:txnOH, PMID:18280161]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in an RNA polymerase II (Pol II) core promoter, the region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the Pol II basal transcription machinery, in order to promote assembly of the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
A protein complex that catalyzes the deneddylation of proteins, including the cullin component of SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase; deneddylation increases the activity of cullin family ubiquitin ligases. The signalosome is involved in many regulatory process, including some which control development, in many species; also regulates photomorphogenesis in plants; in many species its subunits are highly similar to those of the proteasome. [PMID:11019806, PMID:12186635, PMID:14570571]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a COP9 signalosome. [PMID:17307927]
The removal of a ubiquitin-like protein of the NEDD8 type from a protein. [GOC:krc]
A protein complex capable of catalyzing the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). [GOC:bhm, PMID:16540464]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The formation of a protein heterotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated subunits, of which not all are identical. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-octaprenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate + diphosphate. [RHEA:11327]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-hexaprenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = all-trans-heptaprenyl diphosphate + diphosphate. [KEGG:R05612, RHEA:20839]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in the condensation of chromosomes that remain in the nucleus. [GOC:elh]
A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation. [GOC:elh]
A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure. [GOC:elh]
The region of a condensed chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome. [GOC:elh, GOC:kmv]
A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah]
The cell cycle process in which paired chromosomes are detached from each other. Chromosome separation begins with the release of cohesin complexes from chromosomes; in budding yeast, this includes the cleavage of cohesin complexes along the chromosome arms, followed by the separation of the centromeric regions. Chromosome separation also includes formation of chromatid axes mediated by condensins, and ends with the disentangling of inter-sister catenation catalyzed by topoisomerase II (topo II). [GOC:ai, GOC:lb, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:20352243]
The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells. [GOC:di, GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]
The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells. [PMID:10072401]
The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:ma, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in nonspecific suppression of gene activity. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive system is the entire structure in which digestion takes place. Digestion is all of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. [GOC:jid]
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium. [GOC:ecd, PMID:11839751]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [ISBN:0471245208]
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell.  Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in the transcription regulatory region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of hydrogen ion (proton) across a membrane. [GO_REF:0000069, GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie]
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 ferrocytochrome c + O2 + 4 H+ = 4 ferricytochrome c + 2 H2O. [EC:1.9.3.1]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2L in mammals), a NURF301 homolog (BPTF in humans), and additional subunits, though the composition of these additional subunits varies slightly with species. NURF is involved in regulation of transcription from TRNA polymerase II promoters. [GOC:bf, GOC:krc, PMID:10779516, PMID:11279013, PMID:15284901, PMID:16568949, PMID:21810179]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. [GOC:dph, GOC:yaf]
Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin that require energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, ranging from local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation, mediated by ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling factors. [GOC:jl, PMID:12042764]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. [GOC:mah]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb, UBERON:0000955]
Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation. [GOC:jid, GOC:vw, PMID:12697820]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleosome, a complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + 2 H+. May or may not be coupled to another reaction. [EC:3.6.1.3, GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains phosphorus. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. [GOC:sm]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell. [GOC:curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of chloride across a membrane. [GOC:TermGenie, GOC:vw]
The directed movement of sulfate across a membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:9055073]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
Any process that modulates the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of oxalate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals. [ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The directed movement of sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]
The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]
The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:ai]
Enables the transfer of oxalate from one side of the membrane to the other. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: anion A(out) + anion B(in) = anion A(in) + anion B(out). [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport]
Enables the transfer of sulfate ions, SO4(2-), from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]
Enables the transfer of bicarbonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicarbonate is the hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3-. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the secondary active transfer of sulfate from one side of the membrane to the other. Secondary active transport is catalysis of the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport. [GOC:mtg_transport]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a chloride (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. [GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
The membrane component of the postsynaptic density. This is the region of the postsynaptic membrane in which the population of neurotransmitter receptors involved in synaptic transmission are concentrated. [GOC:dos]
A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef]
The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. [ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane in asymetric synapses. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dos, GOC:ef, GOC:jid, GOC:pr, GOC:sjp, http://molneuro.kaist.ac.kr/psd, PMID:14532281, Wikipedia:Postsynaptic_density]
Any process that enhances the establishment or increases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential. [GOC:bf, GOC:BHF]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kainate selective glutamate receptor activity. [GOC:BHF]
Any process in which a receptor is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:sjp, PMID:21525273]
A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers. [GOC:jid, http://www.mercksource.com, PMID:11891290]
A process that modulates neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers. [GOC:jid, http://www.mercksource.com, PMID:11891290]
Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0582227089]
The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task). [GOC:curators, http://www.onelook.com/, ISBN:0582227089]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of ion channels. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states. [GOC:hjd, GOC:mah, GOC:pde]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O = adenosine + L-homocysteine. [EC:3.3.1.1]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:jl]
The directed movement of fluid across epithelia. [GOC:jl, PMID:11390830]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of angiotensin II binding to an angiotensin receptor on the surface of the cell, and proceeding with the activated receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, GOC:nhn, GOC:signaling, PMID:10977869]
A cyclic series of interconversions involving S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, L-cysteine, and L-methionine. Couples utilization of the methyl group of SAM with recycling of the homocysteinyl group and regeneration of methionine. [GOC:mah, MetaCyc:PWY-5041]
Any process that modulates the activity of an ion transporter. [GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing, any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule. [GOC:mah]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. [GOC:jl]
The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. [GOC:go_curators, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/complex/documentation/]
The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html, ISBN:0198506732]
The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:dos, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:16959967]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. [GOC:mah]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah, GOC:pf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein component of any cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton). [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. [ISBN:0198506732]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or its assembly within or outside a cell. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments. [GOC:clt]
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein with many roles, both in the calcium-bound and calcium-free states. [GOC:krc]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytosol of a cell or between the cytosol and its surroundings. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:rph]
The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote. [GOC:ems, GOC:mtg_sensu]
The directed movement of manganese (Mn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair. [http://www.ultranet.com/~jkimball/BiologyPages/D/DNArepair.html]
A ligand-gated ion channel activity which transports calcium in response to emptying of intracellular calcium stores. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:15788710]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a calcium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. [GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
Enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size). [GOC:cy, GOC:mtg_transport, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815340729]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with damaged DNA. [GOC:jl]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions within an organism or cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:jid, GOC:mah]
Any process in which nutrients are taken up from the contents of the intestine. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph]
Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism. [GOC:add, PMID:10694114, PMID:14754397]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue. [CL:0000092, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12161749]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA. [GOC:isa_complete]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions at the level of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]
The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of protoporphyrinogen IX. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA. [GOC:isa_complete]
Antagonizes ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide. [GOC:ai, GOC:clt]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the iron-responsive element, a regulatory sequence found in the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding many iron-binding proteins. [PMID:3198610, PMID:8710843]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A multisubunit protein complex that contains the Ino80p ATPase; exhibits chromatin remodeling activity and 3' to 5' DNA helicase activity. [GOC:jh, GOC:rb, PMID:19355820]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation. [GOC:jid, GOC:vw, PMID:12697820]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Female behaviors associated with the care and rearing of offspring. [GOC:curators]
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. [GOC:isa_complete]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
An action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus. [GOC:dph]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:txnOH]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The process of inhibiting aggregation and assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that is dependent on interaction with a chaperone. [GOC:dph, GOC:vw]
The modification of a protein by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue. [GOC:krc, PMID:16959570]
Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the 23-membered macrolide lactone FK506. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-proline (omega=180) = peptidyl-proline (omega=0). [EC:5.2.1.8]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai, http://www.onelook.com/]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:sart, PMID:19135896, PMID:21041441]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363]
Combining with any modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or other polyanionic ligand and delivering the ligand into the cell via endocytosis. Ligands include acetylated and oxidized LDL, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, apoptotic cells, beta-amyloid fibrils, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). [GOC:bf, PMID:11790542, PMID:12379907, PMID:12621157, PMID:20981357]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. [GOC:go_curators, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/complex/documentation/]
A membrane-tethered, short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum) that is similar in structure to a centriole and derives from it. The cilium basal body is the site of assembly and remodelling of the cilium and serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth. As well as anchoring the cilium, it is thought to provide a selective gateway regulating the entry of ciliary proteins and vesicles by intraflagellar transport. [GOC:cilia, GOC:clt, PMID:21750193]
The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome. [GOC:mah]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090702, PMID:11964142, PMID:2557062]
A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The invagination of the endosome membrane and resulting formation of a vesicle within the lumen of the endosome. [GOC:jp, PMID:19234443]
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia, GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:pr, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:13978319, PMID:27350441, Reactome:R-HSA-5617833.2]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the late sorting endosomes; transport occurs along microtubules and can be experimentally blocked with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs. [ISBN:0815316194]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:jl, PMID:10207076]
The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes or vacuoles by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the target compartment. [GOC:mah, PMID:12461556, PMID:16689637]
Any process that modulates the volume of a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles. [GOC:dph, GOC:jp, GOC:tb]
The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0716731363]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a light intermediate chain of the dynein complex. [GOC:bf]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a small monomeric GTPase. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Rab protein, any member of the Rab subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. [GOC:mah]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (RUB1) to another protein. [PMID:11698580]
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins. [GOC:vp]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
The region of the plasma membrane located at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis. [GOC:BHF]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a semaphorin receptor (composed of a plexin and a neurophilin) binding to a semaphorin ligand. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vk, PMID:15239959]
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf, GOC:isa_complete]
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine. [RESID:AA0039]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ceb, GOC:signaling]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein phosphatase. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate. [EC:2.7.10.1, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. [EC:2.7.10]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The terminal region of a linear nuclear chromosome that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins. [GOC:elh]
The terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins. [GOC:elh]
The THO complex when it is part of the TREX (TRanscription EXport) complex that is involved in coupling transcription to export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1, Tho2, Thp1, and Mft1, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits. [GOC:krc, PMID:11060033, PMID:11979277, PMID:16983072]
The THO complex is a nuclear complex that is required for transcription elongation through genes containing tandemly repeated DNA sequences. The THO complex is also part of the TREX (TRanscription EXport) complex that is involved in coupling transcription to export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1p, Tho2p, Thp1p, and Mft1p, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits. [GOC:krc, PMID:11060033, PMID:11979277, PMID:16983072]
The transcription export (TREX) complex couples transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II to mRNA export. The complex associates with the polymerase and travels with it along the length of the transcribed gene. TREX is composed of the THO transcription elongation complex as well as other proteins that couple THO to mRNA export proteins. The TREX complex is known to be found in a wide range of eukaryotes, including S. cerevisiae and metazoans. [GOC:krc, PMID:11979277]
The directed movement of intronless viral mRNA from the host nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation. [PMID:11598019]
The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. [GOC:ma]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide. [GOC:mah]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. [PMID:16645198, PMID:20044567]
A vesicle that mediates transport between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell. [GOC:mah]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. [GOC:ai, GOC:hjd]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. This may include the translation of a precursor protein and its subsequent processing into a functional peptide. [CHEBI:16670, GOC:dph, GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:jl]
The controlled release of a substance by a cell. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1. [GOC:mah]
The appearance of nerve growth factor (NGF) due to biosynthesis or secretion by cells in a neuron's target field, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:ecd, GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein receptors. [GOC:mah]
A set of processes which all viruses follow to ensure survival; includes attachment and entry of the virus particle, decoding of genome information, translation of viral mRNA by host ribosomes, genome replication, and assembly and release of viral particles containing the genome. [ISBN:1555811272]
The generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone. [GOC:mah]
Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. Protein maturation is the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein. [GOC:curators, GOC:jl, GOC:jsg]
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. [GOC:sm]
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. [GOC:mah, GOC:mb]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
The proteolytic removal of a signal peptide from a protein during or after transport to a specific location in the cell. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nerve growth factor (NGF). [GOC:dgh]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with peptides, any of a group of organic compounds comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine). [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE, ISBN:0716720094]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0815332181]
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of serine-type endopeptidases, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain; a serine residue (and a histidine residue) are at the active center of the enzyme. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine). [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE, ISBN:0716720094]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain. [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#ENDOPEPTIDASE]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protease or peptidase. [GOC:hjd]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle comprising a matrix of coalesced lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. May include associated proteins. [GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply. [GOC:dph]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues. [ISBN:0198506732]
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened. [GOC:mah, PMID:15205520]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification. [GOC:go_curators]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open. [GOC:dph, UBERON:0002073]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP. [EC:1.1.1.-, GOC:ai]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-beta-hydroxy-delta(5)-steroid + NAD+ = a 3-oxo-delta(5)-steroid + NADH + H(+). [EC:1.1.1.145]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie, GOC:txnOH, GOC:vw]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The function of a transcription cofactor that activates transcription in conjuction with a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor from a RNA polymerase II promoter; does not bind DNA itself. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a repressing transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressive transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the basal transcription machinery. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amacrine cell differentiation. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:mr, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:16872597]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. [GOC:vp, PMID:15139015]
The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:dsf, GOC:jid, GOC:tb, PMID:16049113]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel. [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10333884, PMID:15355794]
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process in which the developmental fate of a neuroblast becomes restricted such that it will develop into a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:12626695]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:12626695]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to a neuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:16226447]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that will reside in the forebrain. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:16226447]
The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0878937420, UBERON:0002421]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subpallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:12626695]
The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end). [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
Heterochromatic regions of the chromosome found at the telomeres of a chromosome in the nucleus. [GOC:ai]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. [GOC:dph]
The modification of histone H3 by the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone. [PMID:25002536]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23201774]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23201774]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric heterochromatin assembly. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:25819580]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23212449]
The modification of histone H3 at a lysine in position 9 of the histone. [GOC:vw]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. [GOC:jid]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin silencing at telomeres. [GOC:mah]
Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. [GOC:dph, GOC:jp, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids. [GOC:pr, RESID:AA0040, RESID:AA0168, RESID:AA0169, RESID:AA0231, RESID:AA0237, RESID:AA0295]
In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. [ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. [EC:3.5.1.17, RHEA:24551]
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + L-arginine = nicotinamide + N2-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-arginine. [EC:2.4.2.31]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a repressing transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressive transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs. [GOC:dsf, PMID:16740480]
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. [GOC:jid]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
An aging process that has as participant a cell after a cell has stopped dividing. Cell aging may occur when a cell has temporarily stopped dividing through cell cycle arrest (GO:0007050) or when a cell has permanently stopped dividing, in which case it is undergoing cellular senescence (GO:0090398). May precede cell death (GO:0008219) and succeed cell maturation (GO:0048469). [GOC:PO_curators]
The production of yolk. Yolk is a mixture of materials used for embryonic nutrition. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0879694238]
The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes. [PMID:8999798]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:pr, GOC:signaling]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction. [GOC:go_curators, Wikipedia:Transmembrane_receptor]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain snRNA(s) and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the spliceosomal splicing of one or more substrate RNAs, and which also contain the RNA substrate(s) from the initial target RNAs of splicing, the splicing intermediate RNA(s), to the final RNA products. During cis-splicing, the initial target RNA is a single, contiguous RNA transcript, whether mRNA, snoRNA, etc., and the released products are a spliced RNA and an excised intron, generally as a lariat structure. During trans-splicing, there are two initial substrate RNAs, the spliced leader RNA and a pre-mRNA. [GOC:editors, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:19239890]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alternative splicing of nuclear mRNAs. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein that may contain introns and, at least in part, encodes one or more proteins. Introns are removed from pre-mRNA to form a mRNA molecule. [GOC:bf, GOC:kmv, PMID:21901112, SO:0000120]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface. [GOC:dos, GOC:tb]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation. [GOC:add, GOC:pr, ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus. [CHEBI:33832, GOC:ef]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
An immune response mediated through a body fluid. [GOC:hb, ISBN:0198506732]
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the hydroxyl group of an acceptor, producing the sulfated derivative and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate. [EC:2.8.2, GOC:curators]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
A multiprotein complex at least composed of serine palmitoyltransferases and ORM proteins (known as ORMDL proteins in mammals and other higher vertebrates) that plays a key role in sphingolipid homeostasis. [PMID:20182505]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a ceramide biosynthetic process. [GOC:TermGenie, PMID:15302821]
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sphingolipids at the level of the cell. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid. [ISBN:0198547684]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving farnesyl diphosphate, an intermediate in carotenoid, sesquiterpene, squalene and sterol biosynthesis, as well as a substrate in protein farnesylation. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. [GOC:curators, ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergosterol, (22E)-ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-beta-ol, a sterol found in ergot, yeast and moulds. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: presqualene diphosphate + NADPH = squalene + NADP+ + diphosphate. [EC:2.5.1.21]
Catalysis of the transfer of an alkyl or aryl (but not methyl) group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 farnesyl diphosphate = diphosphate + presqualene diphosphate. [EC:2.5.1.21]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai, http://www.onelook.com/]
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:sart, PMID:19135896, PMID:21041441]
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:go_curators]
The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell. [GOC:dos]
Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. [PMID:16645198, PMID:20044567]
The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites. [GOC:go_curators]
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. [GOC:jl, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/]
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. [GOC:nln, ISBN:0198506732]
A protein complex that contains flotillin-1 and flotillin-2, and may contain associated proteins. Flotillins associate into membrane microdomains resembling caveolae. [PMID:17206938, PMID:17600709]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The directed movement of dopamine into a cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The directed movement of ammonium across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ammonium is the cation NH4+. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a startle magnitude is reduced when the startling stimulus is preceded by a low-intensity prepulse. [GOC:dph, PMID:10341260]
The directed movement of dopamine into a presynaptic neuron or glial cell. In this context, dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. [CHEBI:27958, GOC:ef, GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
The progression of the adenohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
The directed movement of dopamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [CHEBI:25375, GOC:mah]
The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. [GOC:dph]
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai, http://www.onelook.com/]
The secretion of milk by the mammary gland. [ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein N-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 2-amino (or 2-imino) function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter formed by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase from 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine. [ISBN:0198506732]
Enables the transfer of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), from one side of the membrane to the other. [CHEBI:25375, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dopamine(out) + Na+(out) = dopamine(in) + Na+(in). [TC:2.A.22.1.3]
Enables the transfer of dopamine from one side of the membrane to the other. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neurotransmitter(out) + Na+(out) = neurotransmitter(in) + Na+(in). [TC:2.A.22.-.-]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
The process in which the anatomical structures of a mitochondrion are generated and organized. [GOC:mah]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. [GOC:rph]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a 4 iron, 4 sulfur (4Fe-4S) cluster; this cluster consists of four iron atoms, with the inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands. [GOC:ai, PMID:15952888, Wikipedia:Iron-sulfur_cluster]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
A spliceosomal complex that is formed by association of the 5' splice site with the U1 snRNP, while the branch point sequence is recognized by the U2 snRNP. The prespliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U1 and U2 snRNPs. Commitment to a given pair of 5' and 3' splice sites occurs at the time of prespliceosome formation. [GOC:ab, GOC:krc, GOC:mah, PMID:17332742, PMID:19239890]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. [ISBN:0582227089]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U1. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. [GOC:mah]
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:pf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration]
Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0879695897]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a proline-rich region, i.e. a region that contains a high proportion of proline residues, in a protein. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:go_curators]
An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. [GOC:cjm, GOC:jl, NIF_Subcellular:sao-593830697, Wikipedia:Myelin]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell. [GOC:curators]
The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome. [GOC:mah]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein. [GOC:tb]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. [GOC:add, ISBN:0121245462, ISBN:0896039986]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. [GOC:ai]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system. [GOC:vp, PMID:15139015]
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation). [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]
The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. [GOC:dgh, GOC:mah]
The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury. [GOC:bf, PMID:15269788]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton. [GOC:mah]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. [GOC:go_curators]
A process in which the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to a substrate transmits a signal to the phosphorylated substrate. [GOC:mtg_signal, GOC:signaling]
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine. [RESID:AA0039]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions. [GOC:ef, http://www.biocarta.com, PMID:22525052, Wikipedia:PI3K]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. [CL:0000100, GOC:pr, ISBN:0878932437]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction. [GOC:mtg_OBO2OWL_2013]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. [GOC:jid, UBERON:0000948]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. [GOC:go_curators, UBERON:0000010]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. [GOC:dgh]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ceb, GOC:signaling]
A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:pr, GOC:signaling]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. [GOC:hjd]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein phosphatase. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any growth factor, proteins or polypeptides that stimulate a cell or organism to grow or proliferate. [GOC:curators]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein C-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 1-carboxy function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction. [GOC:go_curators, Wikipedia:Transmembrane_receptor]
Conveys a signal from an upstream receptor or intracellular signal transducer by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate. [EC:2.7.10.2]
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate. [EC:2.7.10.1, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. [EC:2.7.10]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with RNA polymerase I core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of seventeen subunits. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process of coupling valine to valyl-tRNA, catalyzed by valyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA. [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]
The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis. [GOC:ma]
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate. [EC:6, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + ATP + tRNA(Val) = L-valyl-tRNA(Val) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H(+). [EC:6.1.1.9, RHEA:10707]
Catalysis of the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA from ATP, amino acid, and tRNA with the release of diphosphate and AMP. [ISBN:0198506732]
The hydrolysis of an incorrectly aminoacylated tRNA. [GOC:hjd, PMID:14663147, PMID:16087889]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
The subcomplex of the proteasome regulatory particle that directly associates with the proteasome core complex. [GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:rb]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome regulatory particle complex. [GOC:mah, GOC:rb, PMID:19412159]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome complex. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:10872471]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
The process that mediates the transfer of information from Purkinje cells to granule cell precursors resulting in an increase in rate of granule cell precursor cell proliferation. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:15157725]
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that will reside in the forebrain. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:16226447]
The creation of greater cell numbers in the forebrain due to cell division of progenitor cells. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0878937420, UBERON:0002421]
The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar Purkinje cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Purkinje cell fate. A Purkinje cell is an inhibitory GABAergic neuron found in the cerebellar cortex that projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei and brain stem. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:15157725]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0838580343]
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of association neurons. Association neurons are cells located in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord that integrate sensory input. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, PMID:11262869]
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell.  Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
A large ribonucleoprotein complex considered to be the earliest preribosomal complex. In S. cerevisiae, it has a size of 90S and consists of the 35S pre-rRNA, early-associating ribosomal proteins most of which are part of the small ribosomal subunit, the U3 snoRNA and associated proteins. [GOC:krc, GOC:vw, PMID:12150911, PMID:12957375, PMID:15120992]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis. [GOC:ma]
Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with three genes, in this order, are produced in the nuclei of many eukaryotic species, including S. cerevisiae. [GOC:curators, PMID:10690410]
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. [GOC:curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with U3 small nucleolar RNA. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. [ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential. [GOC:nln]
A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription. [GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form a core O-glycan structure. [GOC:mah, GOC:pr, PMID:10580130]
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the addition of a galactosyl residue to a non-reducing O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine residue in an O-glycan. [EC:2.4.1.122, GOC:ma]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph]
The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 1 O-glycan structure, Gal-beta-(1->3)-GalNAc. [GOC:mah, GOC:pr, PMID:10580130]
A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan. [GOC:pr, ISBN:0879695595, RESID:AA0153, RESID:AA0154, RESID:AA0155, RESID:AA0157, RESID:AA0212]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0721662544]
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. [ISBN:0878932453]
Area of the cilium (also called flagellum) where the basal body and the axoneme are anchored to the plasma membrane. The ciliary base encompasses the distal part of the basal body, transition fibers and transition zone and is structurally and functionally very distinct from the rest of the cilium. In this area proteins are sorted and filtered before entering the cilium, and many ciliary proteins localize specifically to this area. [GOC:cilia, GOC:krc, PMID:22653444]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]
A direct connection between the cytoplasm of two cells that is formed following the completion of cleavage furrow ingression during cell division. They are usually present only briefly prior to completion of cytokinesis. However, in some cases, such as the bridges between germ cells during their development, they become stabilised. [PMID:9635420]
A membrane raft that is part of the plasma membrane. [GOC:jl]
A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment - typically receiving input from a single presynapse.  They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable including \thin\, \stubby\, \mushroom\, and \branched\, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity. [GOC:nln]
A microtubule-based flagellum (or cilium) that is part of a sperm, a mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid. [GOC:cilia, GOC:sart, PMID:8441407]
The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential. [GOC:nln]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome. [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly. [GOC:BHF]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning. [GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a parathyroid hormone stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cell cycle arrest, the process in which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein processing, any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.  Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission. [GOC:ai]
A process required for sperm to reach fertilization competence. Sperm undergo an incompletely understood series of morphological and molecular maturational processes, termed capacitation, involving, among other processes, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased intracellular calcium. [GOC:jid, ISBN:978-3-642-58301-8, PMID:11820818]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. [GOC:bf]
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation). [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. [GOC:mah]
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine. [RESID:AA0038]
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine. [RESID:AA0037]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide. [GOC:mah]
The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0878932437]
The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or both of the regulatory subunits of protein kinase A. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins. [GOC:vp]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate; and ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of cAMP. [EC:2.7.11.11]
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [GOC:bf]
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins that forms a flexible open ring structure thought to be the unit of nucleation at the minus end of a microtubule. [GOC:clt, PMID:12134075]
An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides. [GOC:vw, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:17072892, PMID:17245416]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
A microtubule organizing center formed by a band of gamma-tubulin that is recruited to a circumferential band of F-actin at the midpoint of a cell and which nucleates microtubules from the cell division site at the end of mitosis. [PMID:11792817]
Either of the ends of a spindle, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules. [GOC:clt]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle that contributes to the process of mitosis. [GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
The 'de novo' formation of a microtubule by the interphase microtubule organizing center during interphase, the stage of cell cycle between successive rounds of chromosome segregation. [GOC:ai]
The replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized. [GOC:ai]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:mah]
One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, PMID:9334324]
The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation). [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:12517712]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the microtubule constituent protein gamma-tubulin. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers. [GOC:krc]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the minus end of a microtubule. [GOC:ai, PMID:14557818, PMID:14614826]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
Heterochromatin that is located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by the modified histone H3K9me3. [PMID:12019236, PMID:20206496, PMID:22729156]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. [GOC:obol]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance. [GOC:obol]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 trimethylation. [GOC:TermGenie]
The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone. [GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0198542771]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an androgen receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 9) + alpha-ketoglutarate + O2 = succinate + CO2 + formaldehyde + lysine. This reaction is the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. [PMID:16362057]
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a histone. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation. This process acts on misfolded proteins as well as in the regulated degradation of correctly folded proteins. [GOC:mah, GOC:rb, PMID:14607247, PMID:19520858]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a misfolded protein. [GOC:ai]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
The controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. [GOC:go_curators]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. [GOC:ma]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. [EC:3.1.1.4]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase and enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. The complex also contains other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex. [GOC:jh2, PMID:9529603]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation. This process acts on misfolded proteins as well as in the regulated degradation of correctly folded proteins. [GOC:mah, GOC:rb, PMID:14607247, PMID:19520858]
The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein. [GOC:ai]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein. [GOC:go_curators]
Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain. [ISBN:0815316194]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, PMID:22863777]
Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to an existing ubiquitin chain via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y-ubiquitin -> Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue. [GOC:mah, GOC:mcc, PMID:10089879, PMID:17190603]
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y --> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:jh2, PMID:9635407]
A protein complex that recognizes the proximal sequence element of RNA polymerase II and III snRNA promoters. [PMID:7715707, PMID:9003788]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0321000382]
The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II promoter. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0321000382]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
The specific behavior of a male organism that is associated with reproduction. [GOC:dph, GOC:pr, GOC:tb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The evolutionarily conserved CCR4-NOT complex is involved in several aspects of mRNA metabolism, including repression and activation of mRNA initiation, control of mRNA elongation, and the deadenylation and subsequent degradation of mRNA. In Saccharomyces the CCR4-NOT complex comprises a core complex of 9 proteins (Ccr4p, Caf1p, Caf40p, Caf130p, Not1p, Not2p, Not3p, Not4p, and Not5p), Caf4p, Caf16p, and several less well characterized proteins. [GOC:sart, PMID:11113136]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090513]
A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. [GOC:ai]
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions. [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0815332181]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions. [GOC:mah, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#CATTYPE, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#ENDOPEPTIDASE]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090702, PMID:11964142, PMID:2557062]
A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701, PMID:19696797]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome maturation. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:10436019, PMID:21383079]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. [GOC:bf]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:sr]
An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363]
The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. [GOC:ma]
Combining with a low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the low-density lipoprotein into the cell via endocytosis. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732]
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester. [ISBN:0198547684]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. [GOC:curators, ISBN:0198547684]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-dephospho-CoA + ATP = ADP + CoA + 2 H(+). [EC:2.7.1.24, RHEA:18248]
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation. [GOC:as, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pantetheine 4'-phosphate = 3'-dephospho-CoA + diphosphate. [EC:2.7.7.3, RHEA:19804]
A membrane coat adaptor complex that links clathrin to a membrane. [GOC:mah]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, ISBN:08789310662000]
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lipid. [GOC:ai]
The space between the membrane of an oocyte and a surrounding membranous structure (zona pellucida or perivitelline membrane). [GOC:dos]
A specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development. [PMID:16944418, PMID:17163408]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of binding of sperm to the zona pellucida. [GOC:obol]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta linkages of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) polymers of chitin and chitodextrins. [EC:3.2.1.14, GOC:bf, GOC:kah, GOC:pde, PMID:11468293]
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any O-glycosyl bond. [GOC:mah]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity superoxide radicals or hydrogen peroxide. [GOC:dos, GOC:vw]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus. [GOC:ai]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the adenohypophysis are generated and organized. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus. [GOC:cvs, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:sr]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. [CHEBI:24621, GOC:jl]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. [GOC:bf, GOC:curators, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone. [GOC:dgh]
The deposition of hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, in bone tissue. [GOC:mah, PMID:22936354]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:19295629]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus. [GOC:hb]
The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). [GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:jl, PMID:12115731]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring. [CHEBI:30413, GOC:ai]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = NAD(P)+ + hydrogen peroxide. [EC:1.6.3.1]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: donor + hydrogen peroxide = oxidized donor + 2 H2O. [EC:1.11.1.7]
A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. [GOC:lh]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase through the replacement of GDP by GTP. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Rab protein, any member of the Rab subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. [GOC:mah]
Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:mah]
A spliceosomal complex that contains three snRNPs, including U5, bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs. [GOC:ab, GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897, ISBN:0879697393, PMID:18322460, PMID:19239890]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain snRNA(s) and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the spliceosomal splicing of one or more substrate RNAs, and which also contain the RNA substrate(s) from the initial target RNAs of splicing, the splicing intermediate RNA(s), to the final RNA products. During cis-splicing, the initial target RNA is a single, contiguous RNA transcript, whether mRNA, snoRNA, etc., and the released products are a spliced RNA and an excised intron, generally as a lariat structure. During trans-splicing, there are two initial substrate RNAs, the spliced leader RNA and a pre-mRNA. [GOC:editors, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:19239890]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0879695897]
The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex. [ISBN:0879695897, PMID:9452384]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently and non-covalently with a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers. [GOC:mah, PMID:15556404, PMID:17525341]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the U5 small nuclear RNA (U5 snRNA). [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA). [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
A heterodimeric protein complex that is composed of CHOP (C/EBP homology protein, GADD153) and ATF3 (activating transcription factor 3) subunits. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:8622660]
A heterodimeric transcription factor complex that is composed of CHOP (C/EBP homology protein, GADD153) and ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4, also known as cAMP response element binding protein-2/CREB-2) subunits. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:18940792]
A heterodimeric protein complex that is composed of the transcription factor CHOP (GADD153) and a member of the C/EBP family of transcription factors. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:1547942]
A heterodimeric transcription factor complex composed of proteins from the c-Fos, c-Jun, activating transcription factor (ATF) or JDP families. The subunits contain a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain that is essential for dimerization and DNA binding. Jun-Fos heterodimers bind preferentially to a heptamer consensus sequence (TPA responsive element (TRE)), whereas Jun-ATF dimers bind the cyclic AMP responsive element (CRE) to regulate transcription of target genes. [GOC:bf, GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:20060892, PMID:9069263, Wikipedia:AP-1_transcription_factor]
A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules. [GOC:mah]
A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090702, PMID:11964142, PMID:2557062]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of determination of dorsal identity. [GOC:BHF, GOC:obol]
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to nitrosative stress; a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:23985028]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an endoplasmic reticulum stress. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:21113145]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding. [GO_REF:0000059, GOC:dph, GOC:krc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:20026326]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. [GOC:rph, GOC:TermGenie]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
The directed movement of a protein to the mitochondrion or a part of the mitochondrion. [GOC:mah]
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:18701708]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B. [GOC:ai]
The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the cytosolic compartment. [GOC:dph, GOC:hjd, GOC:mtg_lung, PMID:1814929]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_muscle]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription that contributes to the specification of the anterior/posterior axis. [GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. [GOC:jl]
Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. [GOC:go_curators]
The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0321000382]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor CREB. [GOC:dph, GOC:ecd, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production. [GOC:mah]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation. [GOC:mah, PMID:12042763]
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, PMID:11532397]
A regulatory process that halts progression through the cell cycle during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M). [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus. [GOC:jl]
The series of molecular signals generated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB. [PMID:10390516]
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:18846107, PMID:21494263]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state. [GOC:dph]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, SO:0005836]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a leucine zipper domain, a protein secondary structure exhibiting a periodic repetition of leucine residues at every seventh position over a distance covering eight helical turns. [GOC:jl, InterPro:IPR002158]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cAMP response element binding protein (a CREB protein). [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a repressing transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressive transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon. [GOC:txnOH]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum. [ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0815316194]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi  and Golgi-to-ER transport. [GOC:pr, PMID:16723730]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a pericentriolar material. [GO_REF:0000087, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21694707, PMID:24385583]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol. [GOC:mtg_sensu]
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. [ISBN:0198506732]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. [GOC:go_curators]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. [GOC:mah]
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains a precursor small nucleolar RNA (pre-snoRNA) and associated proteins, and forms during small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex (snoRNP) assembly. Pre-snoRNP complexes may contain proteins not found in the corresponding mature snoRNP complexes. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:rl, PMID:17636026, PMID:17709390]
A large ribonucleoprotein complex that is an early preribosomal complex. In S. cerevisiae, it has a size of 80S and consists of the 35S pre-rRNA, early-associating ribosomal proteins most of which are part of the small ribosomal subunit, the U3 snoRNA and associated proteins. [GOC:krc, GOC:vw, PMID:12068309, PMID:12957375, PMID:15120992, PMID:15590835]
A ribonucleoprotein complex containing small nucleolar RNA of the box C/D type that can carry out ribose-2'-O-methylation of target RNAs. [ISBN:0879695897, PMID:17284456]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A class of nuclear body, first seen after silver staining by Ramon y Cajal in 1903, enriched in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors; ultrastructurally, they appear as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter; involved in aspects of snRNP biogenesis; the protein coilin serves as a marker for Cajal bodies. Some argue that Cajal bodies are the sites for preassembly of transcriptosomes, unitary particles involved in transcription and processing of RNA. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_090901, PMID:10944589, PMID:11031238, PMID:7559785]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) family and associated proteins. Most are involved in a step of processing of rRNA: cleavage, 2'-O-methylation, or pseudouridylation. The majority, though not all, fall into one of two classes, box C/D type or box H/ACA type. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
A structure found most metazoan nucleoli, but not usually found in lower eukaryotes; surrounded by the dense fibrillar component; the zone of transcription from multiple copies of the pre-rRNA genes is in the border region between these two structures. [PMID:10754561]
Any process in which small nucleolar RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [ISBN:0716731363]
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an rRNA molecule to produce an rRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically. [GOC:curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with small nucleolar RNA. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIID class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II and defined as a basal or general transcription factor. [GOC:krc, PMID:16858867]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194]
The set of thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments, called cisternae, that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. The stack usually comprises cis, medial, and trans cisternae; the cis- and trans-Golgi networks are not considered part of the stack. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. [ISBN:0198506732]
A complex composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFs); the total mass is typically about 800 kDa. Most of the TAFs are conserved across species. In TATA-containing promoters for RNA polymerase II (Pol II), TFIID is believed to recognize at least two distinct elements, the TATA element and a downstream promoter element. TFIID is also involved in recognition of TATA-less Pol II promoters. Binding of TFIID to DNA is necessary but not sufficient for transcription initiation from most RNA polymerase II promoters. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0471953393, ISBN:0879695501]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie, GOC:txnOH, GOC:vw]
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on an RNA polymerase II promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription by RNA polymerase. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10882737, PMID:15020047]
Any process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription, the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. [GOC:jl]
Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase II promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein N-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 2-amino (or 2-imino) function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a thyroid hormone receptor. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the vitamin D receptor, a nuclear receptor that mediates the action of vitamin D by binding DNA and controlling the transcription of hormone-sensitive genes. [GOC:jl, PMID:12637589]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867]
A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers typically assemble into higher order structures. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0721639976, PMID:19693541, PMID:21421911]
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle. [ISBN:0198547684]
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
Any cytokinetic process that is involved in mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, GOC:TermGenie]
The process in which duplicated centrosome components move away from each other. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle. [GOC:ai]
The cell cycle process in which a daughter centriole is formed perpendicular to an existing centriole. An immature centriole contains a ninefold radially symmetric array of single microtubules; mature centrioles consist of a radial array of nine microtubule triplets, doublets, or singlets depending upon the species and cell type. Duplicated centrioles also become the ciliary basal body in cells that form cilia during G0. [GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:9889124]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific domain of a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell. [GOC:curators]
The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The directed movement of ammonium across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ammonium is the cation NH4+. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of ammonium ions from one side of an epithelium to the other. [GOC:mah, GOC:yaf]
The directed movement of ammonium into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ammonium is the cation NH4+ which is formed from N2 by root-nodule bacteria in leguminous plants and is an excretory product in ammonotelic animals. [ISBN:0198506732]
The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. [GOC:ai]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ions at the level of a cell. [GOC:mah]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ankyrin, a 200 kDa cytoskeletal protein that attaches other cytoskeletal proteins to integral membrane proteins. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
Enables the transfer of ammonium from one side of a membrane to the other. Ammonium is the cation NH4+ which is formed from N2 by root-nodule bacteria in leguminous plants and is an excretory product in ammonotelic animals. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway activity. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters a specialized resting state known as G0 or quiescence. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, ISBN:0815316194]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within an organism or cell. [GOC:ceb, GOC:jid, GOC:mah]
The cellular and vascular changes occurring in the endometrium of the pregnant uterus just after the onset of blastocyst implantation. This process involves the proliferation and differentiation of the fibroblast-like endometrial stromal cells into large, polyploid decidual cells that eventually form the maternal component of the placenta. [ISBN:0721662544, PMID:11133685]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3). [CHEBI:27300, GOC:mah, ISBN:0471331309]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3). [CHEBI:27300, GOC:mah, ISBN:0471331309]
Conversion of vitamin D3 from its largely inactive form (calciol, also called cholecalciferol) into a hormonally active form (calcitriol). Conversion requires 25-hydroxylation of calciol in the liver to form calcidiol, and subsequent 1,alpha-hydroxylation of calcidiol in the kidney to form calcitriol. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:17426122, PMID:20511049]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. [GOC:add, ISBN:0126896631, PMID:15546383]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus. [GOC:sl]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. [GOC:add, ISBN:0721601464]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. [GOC:go_curators]
The deposition of hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, in bone tissue. [GOC:mah, PMID:22936354]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity. Vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity catalyzes the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring. [CHEBI:30413, GOC:ai]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions. [GOC:ai]
Catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = calcitriol + H(2)O + NADP(+). [EC:1.14.13.13, RHEA:20576]
Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water. [http://www.onelook.com/, ISBN:0198506732]
The segment of the sperm flagellum where the mitochondrial sheath ends, and the outer dense fibers (ODFs) associated with outer axonemal doublets 3 and 8 are replaced by the 2 longitudinal columns of the fibrous sheath (FS) which run the length of the principal piece and are stabilized by circumferential ribs. The principal piece makes up ~2/3 of the length of the sperm flagellum and is defined by the presence of the FS and of only 7 (rather than 9) ODFs which taper and then terminate near the distal end of the principal piece. [GOC:cjm, MP:0009836]
The highly organized segment of the sperm flagellum which begins at the connecting piece and is characterized by the presence of 9 outer dense fibers (ODFs) that lie outside each of the 9 outer axonemal microtubule doublets and by a sheath of mitochondria that encloses the ODFs and the axoneme; the midpiece terminates about one-fourth of the way down the sperm flagellum at the annulus, which marks the beginning of the principal piece. [GOC:cjm, MP:0009831]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cilium. [GOC:dph]
A process required for sperm to reach fertilization competence. Sperm undergo an incompletely understood series of morphological and molecular maturational processes, termed capacitation, involving, among other processes, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased intracellular calcium. [GOC:jid, ISBN:978-3-642-58301-8, PMID:11820818]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. [GOC:jl]
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a flagellated sperm cell. [GOC:cilia, GOC:jl, GOC:krc]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein. [GOC:hjd]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. [GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:jh2, GOC:jid, GOC:mlg, GOC:rph]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%). [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
The hydroxylation of peptidyl-proline to form peptidyl-hydroxyproline. [GOC:mah]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with L-ascorbic acid, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate; L-ascorbic acid is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species. [CHEBI:38290, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2. [EC:1.14.11.7]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor. [GOC:mah]
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. [GOC:go_curators]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions. [GOC:ai]
A membrane-tethered, short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum) that is similar in structure to a centriole and derives from it. The cilium basal body is the site of assembly and remodelling of the cilium and serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth. As well as anchoring the cilium, it is thought to provide a selective gateway regulating the entry of ciliary proteins and vesicles by intraflagellar transport. [GOC:cilia, GOC:clt, PMID:21750193]
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172, ISBN:0815316194]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
The process in which the migration of a neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:22790009]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron. [GOC:ai]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cilium. [GOC:cilia, GOC:go_curators]
The migration of a cell along or through a wound gap that contributes to the reestablishment of a continuous surface. [GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that reduces the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid. [GOC:jl]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction. [GOC:bf]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus. [GOC:mah]
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized actin-based cytoskeletal structures. [GOC:mah]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=forebrain]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. Its development starts with the formation of the mammary line and ends as the mature gland cycles between nursing and weaning stages. [PMID:9576833]
Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06]
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. [GOC:cjm, GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:pf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration]
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament. [GOC:mah]
The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle. [GOC:dgh]
The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. [ISBN:0878932437]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals. [GOC:mah]
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0878932437]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. [ISBN:0198506732]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:mah]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in the regulatory region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:krc]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. [GOC:jl, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:16959967]
Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development. [GOC:jl]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:kmv, GOC:rph, PMID:10930469, PMID:15601896, PMID:16246101, PMID:21556374, PMID:21562044]
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
The directed movement of hydrogen ion (proton) across a membrane. [GO_REF:0000069, GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie]
The directed movement of sodium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]
A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mah]
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
Any process that modulates the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(in) + H+(out) = K+(out) + H+(in). [TC:2.A.37.-.-]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out). [TC:2.A.35.1.1, TC:2.A.36.-.-]
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + H+(in) = solute(in) + H+(out). [GOC:ai]
Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. The reaction is: solute A(out) + solute B(in) = solute A(in) + solute B(out). [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729, PMID:10839820]
A protein complex that stably associates with the C-terminus of RNA polymerase II and mediates 3'-end processing of small nuclear RNAs generated by RNA polymerase II. [PMID:16239144]
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. [ISBN:0198547684]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays. [GOC:mah]
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an snRNA molecule. [GOC:mah]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcript into a mature snRNA molecule. [GOC:jl]
A cell cycle checkpoint that regulates progression through the cell cycle in response to DNA damage. A DNA damage checkpoint may blocks cell cycle progression (in G1, G2 or metaphase) or slow the rate at which S phase proceeds. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815332181]
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or its assembly within or outside a cell. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism. [GOC:bf, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling. [GOC:bf]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
A structural molecule activity that provides a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein complex. The scaffold may or may not be part of the final complex. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group. [GOC:jl]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GOC:curators, GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. [GOC:ai]
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
Any small opening in a membrane that allows the passage of gases and/or liquids. [ISBN:0198506732]
An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. [GOC:cjm, GOC:jl, NIF_Subcellular:sao-593830697, Wikipedia:Myelin]
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:sao1045389829]
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. [GOC:mah, GOC:pz]
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:ai]
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0198506732]
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. [ISBN:0198506732]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anoikis. [GOC:obol]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process. [GOC:mah]
Any cell cycle regulatory process that prevents the commitment of a cell from G1 to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
A series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with withdrawal of a ligand from a cell surface receptor, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:15044679, PMID:20816705]
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers. [CHEBI:26523, GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. [GOC:mah]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus. [GOC:mah]
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:18701708]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across the mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. [GOC:ai]
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai]
Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [CL:0000540, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, MeSH:A.08.663]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects. [CHEBI:24261, GOC:ai, PMID:9884123]
A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell. [GOC:add]
Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ai, GOC:ebc, GOC:vw]
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in a tissue. [GOC:isa_complete]
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule. [GOC:rc]
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:lm, GOC:mtg_muscle]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. [GOC:go_curators]
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another. [GOC:go_curators]
The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, PMID:12618131]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus. [GOC:go_curators]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]
The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell. [ISBN:0582227089]
The aggregation and bonding together of a set of components to form a focal adhesion, a complex of intracellular signaling and structural proteins that provides a structural link between the internal actin cytoskeleton and the ECM, and also function as a locus of signal transduction activity. [GOC:jid, GOC:mah]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane. [GOC:bf]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. [GOC:ai, GOC:tb]
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. [GOC:ai]
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192801023]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein heterodimerization, interacting selectively with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:jl, GOC:tb]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl, GOC:tb]
The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells. [GOC:jl]
The process in which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell. [ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ebc, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. [GOC:jl]
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. [GOC:mgi_curators, ISBN:0781735149]
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus. [GOC:jl]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease. [GOC:jl]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of glucose. [GOC:jl]
The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation. [GOC:jl]
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:ma]
The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0471245208, ISBN:0721662544]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus. [CHEBI:17688, GOC:bf, GOC:ef, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0582227089]