This [README_Yang_et_al_2019_CES_data.txt] file was generated on [06/08/2019] by [Jifeng Yang, Rajesh K. Bhagat, Rubens R. Fernandes, Mikkel Nordkvist, Krist V. Gernaey, Ulrich Krühne and D. Ian Wilson] ------------------- DESCRIPTION ------------------- Excel spreadsheet containing the data sets used for construction of Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15 and 17 of the manuscript. The plots shown in the paper were all produced using the software Origin. The file 'Figures_6_to_17_Yang_et_al_2019_CES_data.xlsx' is divided in 14 sheets accordingly named. Figure 6a. Contains the data for the rheological evaluation of diluted toothpaste - it represents the values of the shear moduli, G' and G'' in [Pa], as a function of the solid contents in [g], for non-diluted and diluted samples of toothpaste, with and without a pre-shear (shear stress of 5 Pa over 3 min), measured in an oscillatory time sweep at a constant oscillation stress of 0.1 Pa and frequency of 1Hz. Figure 6b. Contains the data for the rheological evaluation of diluted toothpaste, with and without a pre-shear (shear stress of 5 Pa over 3 min). It represents the values of the apparent viscosity in an increasing shear rate ramp applied in non-diluted and diluted samples of toothpaste. Figure 7a. Contains the data for the analysis performed in the millimanipulation device using toothpaste. It represents the values of the shear force and normal force, decomposed from the measured force, which is shown in the horizontal axis. Figure 7b. Contains the data for the analysis performed in the millimanipulation device using toothpaste. It represents the values of the force required to dislodge a certain volume of soil as a function of the volumetric removal rate of soil displaced by the blade. The error bars represent the standard deviation of at least three measurements at the same experimental condition. Figure 8. Contains the data for the effect of soaking on the force measured by the millimanipulation device, and compares it to the data obtained with the cleaning by static impinging jet experiment. The vertical axis displays the values of the velocity of the blade of the millimanipulation device, as well as the values of the rate of increase of the cleaned radius in a cleaning by static impinging jet experiment. The horizontal axis contains the values for the force per unit of width measured in the millimanipulation device, as well as the flow of momentum per unit of width in the cleaning by static impinging jet experiments. Figure 9 a. Contains the data for the cleaning by static impinging jet experiments, for toothpaste soaked for different lengths of time. It shows the values of the rate of growth of the radial cleaned region, da/dt [m/s] as a function of the momentum per unit of width [m/s^2] for cleaned by static impinging jet experiments. The gradient of the fitted linear trend lines gives the lumped cleaning rate constant k' in the adhesive removal model, Eq. (1); the intercept is k'My. Figure 9 b. Contains the data for the cleaning by static impinging jet experiments, for toothpaste soaked for different lengths of time. It shows the values of the kinetic constant of the adhesive removal model, k' (Equation 1), as a function of the soaking time to which the soil layers were exposed. Figure 9 c. Contains the data for the cleaning by static impinging jet experiments, for toothpaste soaked for different lengths of time. It shows the values of the parameters k'*My [m/s] in the in the adhesive removal model, Eq. (1), as well as the values of My [kg*s^-2] as a function of the soaking time to which the soil layers were exposed. Figure 10. Contains the data for the analysis of finger formation for the cleaning by static impinging jet experiments. The vertical left-axis shows the radii where the fingers are first noticed, the vertical right-axis shows the momentum at the radii where the fingers are first noticed, and the horizontal axis shows the soaking time to which the soil layers were exposed. Figure 12a. Contains the data for the cleaning by moving jet experiments for toothpaste. The vertical axis shows the z-coordinate and the horizontal axis shows the x-coordinate of the shape of the cleaned region generated by a horizontal jet impinging on a vertical plate that moves downwards. Three curves are shown: one for the cleaning by the peeling mechanism, one for the cleaning by contact-line erosion mechanism and one for the prediction of the model, given by Eq. [10]. Figure 12b. Contains the data for the cleaning by moving jet experiments, for toothpaste soaked for different lengths of time. The vertical axis shows the z-coordinate and the horizontal axis shows the x-coordinate of the shape of the cleaned region generated by a horizontal jet impinging on a vertical plate that moves upwards. The curves shown describe cleaning by the contact-line erosion mechanism for layers exposed to 0 s, 60 s and 120 s of soaking, and for cleaning by peeling mechanism. The lines represent the prediction of the model, given by Eq. [10]. Figure 13. Contains the data for the film thickness measurements across a falling film, 15cm below the impingement, on a Perspex plate with jet flow rate 2 L/min. The vertical axis shows the values of the film thickness and the horizontal axis shows the values of the x-coordinate. Symbols represent the experimental values measured, whereas the lines represent the prediction from two different models (Nusselt film and Kapitza film). Shaded regions represent the 75th/25th percentile and the 99th/1st percentile bands at each x-coordinate. Figure 15. Contains the data for the cleaning by falling film experiments. The vertical axis represents the cleaned distance [m], and the horizontal axis represents the time along which the soil layers were exposed to the falling film [s]. Symbols represent the experimental data points obtained at a flow rate of 2 L/min, and initial time of 155s. The lines represent the descriptions of the Kapitza and Nusselt films with different values of My. Figure 17. Contains the data for the cleaning by falling film experiments. The vertical axis represents the cleaned distance [m], and the horizontal axis represents the time along which the soil layers were exposed to the falling film [s]. The symbols represents the data obtained with different experimental conditions, with flow rates that range from 0.6 to 2.5 L/min. ------------------- GENERAL INFORMATION ------------------- i. The file contains data sets for Supplementary Figures 6 to 17 of the paper: Cleaning of toothpaste from vessel walls by impinging liquid jets and their falling films: Quantitative modelling of soaking effects. Chemical Engineering Science, DOI 10.1016/j.ces.2019.08.006 ii. Author Information Principal Investigator Contact Information Name: Wilson, D. I Institution: University of Cambridge Address: Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK Email: diw11@cam.ac.uk Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information . Name: Yang, Jifeng Institution: Technical University of Denmark Address: Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark . Name: Bhagat, Rajesh K. Institution: University of Cambridge Address: Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK . Name: Fernandes, Rubens R. Institution: University of Cambridge Address: Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK . Name: Nordkvist, Mikkel Institution: Alfa Laval Copenhagen Address: A/S, Maskinvej 5, 2860 Søborg, Denmark . Name: Gernaey, Krist V. Institution: University of Cambridge Institution: Technical University of Denmark Address: Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark . Name: Krühne, Ulrich Institution: University of Cambridge Institution: Technical University of Denmark Address: Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark --------------------- DATA & FILE OVERVIEW --------------------- i. The file 'data - supplementary figures S1 to S10.xlsx' is an Excel Spreadsheet, divided in 10 sheets accordingly named as: .Fig 6a; .Fig 6b; .Fig 7a; .Fig 7b; .Fig 8; .Fig 9a; .Fig 9b; .Fig 9c; .Fig 10; .Fig 12a; .Fig 12b; .Fig 13; .Fig 15; .Fig 17; --------------------- METHODOLOGIAL INFORMATION --------------------- Figure 6a. The data in Figure 6a was obtained using a rotational rheometer (Malvern Kinexus Lab+), using roughened parallel plates at 20 degrees Celsius with a 1 mm gap. The test consists on an oscillatory time sweep at a constant oscillation stress of 0.1 Pa, and frequency of 1 Hz. In the cases where pre-shearing was used it consisted in imposing a constant stress of 5 Pa over 3 min on the samples. The diluted samples were diluted in de-ionized water prior to the experiments. Figure 6b. The data in Figure 6b was obtained using a rotational rheometer (Malvern Kinexus Lab+), using roughened parallel plates at 20 degrees Celsius with a 1 mm gap. The test consist on imposing an increasing shear rate ramp from 0.01 to 100 1/s over time. The diluted samples were diluted in de-ionized water prior to the experiments. Figure 7a. The data in Figure 7a was obtained using the millimanipulation device, described in more details by Magens et al. (2017) (Magens, O.M., Liu, Y., Hofmans, J.F.A., Nelissen, J.A., Wilson, D.I., 2017. Adhesion and cleaning of foods with complex structure: Effect of oil content and fluoropolymer coating characteristics on the detachment of cake from baking surfaces. J. Food Eng. 197, 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFOODENG.2016.11.004.). It consists on measuring the force required to scrape the soil from a stainless steel plate, and measuring the force per unit of width F_w using a load cell with maximum force of 20 N. The force is decomposed in shear and normal components, according to Eqs. 16 and 17. Figure 7b. The data in Figure 7b was obtained using the millimanipulation device, described in more details by Magens et al. (2017) (Magens, O.M., Liu, Y., Hofmans, J.F.A., Nelissen, J.A., Wilson, D.I., 2017. Adhesion and cleaning of foods with complex structure: Effect of oil content and fluoropolymer coating characteristics on the detachment of cake from baking surfaces. J. Food Eng. 197, 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFOODENG.2016.11.004.). It consists on measuring the force required to scrape the soil from a stainless steel plate, and measuring the force per unit of width F_w using a load cell with maximum force of 20 N. The normal component of the force is obtained using Eq. 17. The horizontal axis shows the volumetric removal rate of soil displaced by the blade, which is calculated using the thickness of the soil, the width of the gap of the millimanipulation device, the velocity and width of the blade. Figure 8. The data in Figure 8 corresponds to two different types of experiments: millimanipulation and cleaning by static jet experiments. The millimanipulation device is described in more details by Magens et al. (2017) (Magens, O.M., Liu, Y., Hofmans, J.F.A., Nelissen, J.A., Wilson, D.I., 2017. Adhesion and cleaning of foods with complex structure: Effect of oil content and fluoropolymer coating characteristics on the detachment of cake from baking surfaces. J. Food Eng. 197, 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFOODENG.2016.11.004.). It consists on measuring the force required to scrape the soil from a stainless steel plate. The velocity of the blade is the variable imposed to the system, and the variable F_w is the force per unit of width measured in the millimanipulation device, using a load cell with maximum force of 20 N. The cleaning by static jet experiments consists on having a horizontal de-ionized water jet, positioned at 60 mm from the target plate made of Perspex on which toothpaste samples were coated. The experiments were filmed using a digital camera, and the results were analysed using an automatic Matlab script developed by the authors to identify the shape of the cleaned region by thresholding the pixels to detect the cleaned region. This lead to the values of da/dt reported in the vertical axis. The values of M, in the horizontal axis, were calculated using the equations shown in Table 1. Figure 9a. The data in Figure 9a corresponds to cleaning by static jet experiments. The cleaning by static jet experiments consists on having a horizontal de-ionized water jet, positioned at 60 mm from the target plate made of Perspex on which toothpaste samples were coated. The experiments were filmed using a digital camera, and the results were analysed using an automatic Matlab script developed by the authors to identify the shape of the cleaned region by thresholding the pixels to detect the cleaned region and calculating the average radius of the cleaned region at each instant. This lead to the values of da/dt reported in the vertical axis. The values of M, in the horizontal axis, were calculated using the equations shown in Table 1. The model fitted is Eq. 1. Soaking of the soils was achieved by carefully adding deionized water to a basin to submerse the soil layer, then removing the water after the required soaking time. Figure 9b. The data in Figure 9b corresponds to cleaning by static jet experiments. The cleaning by static jet experiments consists on having a horizontal de-ionized water jet, positioned at 60 mm from the target plate made of Perspex on which toothpaste samples were coated. The experiments were filmed using a digital camera, and the results were analysed using an automatic Matlab script developed by the authors to identify the shape of the cleaned region by thresholding the pixels to detect the cleaned region and calculating the average radius of the cleaned region at each instant. The parameter k' was obtained by fitting the model given by Eq. 1. Soaking of the soils was achieved by carefully adding deionized water to a basin to submerse the soil layer, then removing the water after the required soaking time. Figure 9c. The data in Figure 9c corresponds to cleaning by static jet experiments. The cleaning by static jet experiments consists on having a horizontal de-ionized water jet, positioned at 60 mm from the target plate made of Perspex on which toothpaste samples were coated. The experiments were filmed using a digital camera, and the results were analysed using an automatic Matlab script developed by the authors to identify the shape of the cleaned region by thresholding the pixels to detect the cleaned region and calculating the average radius of the cleaned region at each instant. The parameters k' and My were obtained by fitting the model given by Eq. 1. Soaking of the soils was achieved by carefully adding deionized water to a basin to submerse the soil layer, then removing the water after the required soaking time. Fig 10. The data in Figure 10 corresponds to cleaning by static jet experiments. The cleaning by static jet experiments consists on having a horizontal de-ionized water jet, positioned at 60 mm from the target plate made of Perspex on which toothpaste samples were coated. The experiments were filmed using a digital camera, and the results were analysed using an automatic Matlab script developed by the authors to identify the shape of the cleaned region by thresholding the pixels to detect the cleaned region and calculating the average radius of the cleaned region at each instant. The radius at which fingers are first observed was identify through visual inspection of the videos. Soaking of the soils was achieved by carefully adding deionized water to a basin to submerse the soil layer, then removing the water after the required soaking time. Fig 12a. The data in Figure 12a corresponds to cleaning by moving jet experiments. The cleaning by moving jet experiments consists on having a horizontal de-ionized water jet, positioned at 60 mm from the target plate made of Perspex on which toothpaste samples were coated. The vertical plate was mounted on a frame that can move vertically upwards or downwards. In Figure 12 a, the plate moves downwards. The experiments were filmed using a digital camera, and the shape of the cleaned region was measured using the open software ImageJ. Soaking of the soils was achieved by carefully adding deionized water to a basin to submerse the soil layer, then removing the water after the required soaking time. Fig 12b. The data in Figure 12b corresponds to cleaning by moving jet experiments. The cleaning by moving jet experiments consists on having a horizontal de-ionized water jet, positioned at 60 mm from the target plate made of Perspex on which toothpaste samples were coated. The vertical plate was mounted on a frame that can move vertically upwards or downwards. In Figure 12 b, the plate moves downwards. The experiments were filmed using a digital camera, and the shape of the cleaned region was measured using the open software ImageJ. Soaking of the soils was achieved by carefully adding deionized water to a basin to submerse the soil layer, then removing the water after the required soaking time. Figure 13. The data in Figure 13 corresponds to film thickness measurements. A horizontal de-ionized water jet positioned at 60 mm from impinges on the target plate made of Perspex. A confocal thickness sensor (ConfocalDT controller 2461, Micro-Epsilon, Ortenburg, Germany) was used to determine the thickness of the falling film. The sensor was located on the dry side of the plate and was traversed horizontally across the film at a distance 15cm below the impingement point. Measurements were made at ca. 2mm intervals at a sample frequency of 10 Hz: h was determined as the average value over a 20 s period. Figure 4 presents an schematic representation of the configuration used for measuring the falling film thickness. Figure 15. The data in Figure 15 shows the cleaned distance as a function of the time at which the soil layers were exposed to falling films. A Perspex plate, coated with toothpaste, is positioned vertically and a horizontal deionized water jet impinges at 15-30 cm above the upper boundary of the soiled region, as schematically represented on Figure 5. Only the removal of soil layers by the core falling film (width Wc in Fig. 1(c)) was analysed. The soiled area was divided into bands of 1cm high and the time taken for the whole band to be cleared (no soil visible) was denoted the cleaning time, t_fallingfilm. Figure 17. The data in Figure 17 shows the cleaned distance as a function of the time at which the soil layers were exposed to falling films. A Perspex plate, coated with toothpaste, is positioned vertically and a horizontal deionized water jet impinges at 15-30 cm above the upper boundary of the soiled region, as schematically represented on Figure 5. Only the removal of soil layers by the core falling film (width Wc in Fig. 1(c)) was analysed. The soiled area was divided into bands of 1cm high and the time taken for the whole band to be cleared (no soil visible) was denoted the cleaning time, t_fallingfilm.