apjThe Astrophysical JournalAPJAstrophys. J.0004-637X1538-4357The American Astronomical Societyapjabdcb710.3847/1538-4357/abdcb7abdcb7Article310 Galaxies and CosmologyA Gravitational-wave Measurement of the Hubble Constant Following the Second Observing Run of Advanced LIGO and VirgoAbbottB. P.1lsc-spokesperson@ligo.orgvirgo-spokesperson@ego-gw.itAbbottR.1AbbottT. D.2AbrahamS.3AcerneseF.45AckleyK.6AdamsC.7AdhikariR. X.1AdyaV. B.8AffeldtC.910AgathosM.1112AgatsumaK.13AggarwalN.14AguiarO. D.15AielloL.1617AinA.3AjithP.18AllenG.19AlloccaA.2021AloyM. A.22AltinP. A.8AmatoA.23AnandS.1AnanyevaA.1AndersonS. B.1AndersonW. G.24AngelovaS. V.25AntierS.26AppertS.1AraiK.1ArayaM. C.1AreedaJ. S.27ArèneM.26ArnaudN.2829AronsonS. M.30ArunK. G.31AscenziS.1632AshtonG.6AstonS. M.7AstoneP.33AubinF.34AufmuthP.10AultONealK.35AustinC.2AvendanoV.36Avila-AlvarezA.27BabakS.26BaconP.26BadaraccoF.1617BaderM. K. M.37BaeS.38BairdJ.26BakerP. T.39BaldacciniF.4041BallardinG.29BallmerS. W.42BalsA.35BanagiriS.43BarayogaJ. C.1BarbieriC.4445BarclayS. E.46BarishB. C.1BarkerD.47BarkettK.48BarnumS.14BaroneF.549BarrB.46BarsottiL.14BarsugliaM.26BartaD.50BartlettJ.47BartosI.30BassiriR.51BastiA.2021BawajM.4152BayleyJ. C.46BazzanM.5354BécsyB.55BejgerM.2656BelahceneI.28BellA. S.46BeniwalD.57BenjaminM. G.35BergerB. K.51BergmannG.910BernuzziS.11BerryC. P. L.58BersanettiD.59BertoliniA.37BetzwieserJ.7BhandareR.60BidlerJ.27BiggsE.24BilenkoI. A.61BilgiliS. A.39BillingsleyG.1BirneyR.25BirnholtzO.62BiscansS.114BischiM.6364BiscoveanuS.14BishtA.10BitossiM.2129BizouardM. A.65BlackburnJ. K.1BlackmanJ.48BlairC. D.7BlairD. G.66BlairR. M.47BloemenS.67BobbaF.6869BodeN.910BoerM.65BoetzelY.70BogaertG.65BonduF.71BonnandR.34BookerP.910BoomB. A.37BorkR.1BoschiV.29BoseS.3BossilkovV.66BosveldJ.66BouffanaisY.5354BozziA.29BradaschiaC.21BradyP. R.24BramleyA.7BranchesiM.1617BrauJ. E.72BreschiM.11BriantT.73BriggsJ. H.46BrighentiF.6364BrilletA.65BrinkmannM.910BrockillP.24BrooksA. F.1BrooksJ.29BrownD. D.57BrunettS.1BuikemaA.14BulikT.74BultenH. J.3775BuonannoA.7677BuskulicD.34BuyC.26ByerR. L.51CaberoM.910CadonatiL.78CagnoliG.79CahillaneC.1BustilloJ. Calderón6CallisterT. A.1CalloniE.580CampJ. B.81CampbellW. A.6CanepaM.5982CannonK. C.83CaoH.57CaoJ.84CarapellaG.6869CarbognaniF.29CarideS.85CarneyM. F.58CarulloG.2021DiazJ. Casanueva21CasentiniC.3286CaudillS.37CavagliàM.8788CavalierF.28CavalieriR.29CellaG.21Cerdá-DuránP.22CesariniE.3289ChaibiO.65ChakravartiK.3ChamberlinS. J.90ChanM.46ChaoS.91CharltonP.92ChaseE. A.58Chassande-MottinE.26ChatterjeeD.24ChaturvediM.60CheeseboroB. D.39ChenH. Y.93ChenX.66ChenY.48ChengH.-P.30CheongC. K.94ChiaH. Y.30ChiadiniF.6995ChincariniA.59ChiummoA.29ChoG.96ChoH. S.97ChoM.77ChristensenN.6598ChuQ.66ChuaS.73ChungK. W.94ChungS.66CianiG.5354CieślarM.56CiobanuA. A.57CiolfiR.5499CiprianoF.65CironeA.5982ClaraF.47ClarkJ. A.78ClearwaterP.100ClevaF.65CocciaE.1617CohadonP.-F.73CohenD.28ColleoniM.101ColletteC. G.102CollinsC.13ColpiM.4445CominskyL. R.103ConstancioM.Jr.15ContiL.54CooperS. J.13CorbanP.7CorbittT. R.2Cordero-CarriónI.104CorezziS.4041CorleyK. R.105CornishN.55CorreD.28CorsiA.85CorteseS.29CostaC. A.15CotestaR.76CoughlinM. W.1CoughlinS. B.58106CoulonJ.-P.65CountrymanS. T.105CouvaresP.1CovasP. B.101CowanE. E.78CowardD. M.66CowartM. J.7CoyneD. C.1CoyneR.107CreightonJ. D. E.24CreightonT. D.108CripeJ.2CroquetteM.73CrowderS. G.109CullenT. J.2CummingA.46CunninghamL.46CuocoE.29Dal CantonT.81DályaG.110D’AngeloB.5982DanilishinS. L.910D’AntonioS.32DanzmannK.910DasguptaA.111Da Silva CostaC. F.30DatrierL. E. H.46DattiloV.29DaveI.60DavierM.28DavisD.42DawE. J.112DeBraD.51DeenadayalanM.3DegallaixJ.23De LaurentisM.580DelégliseS.73PozzoW. Del2021DeMarchiL. M.58DemosN.14DentT.113De PietriR.114115De RosaR.580De RossiC.2329DeSalvoR.116de VaronaO.910DhurandharS.3DíazM. C.108DietrichT.37Di FioreL.5DiFronzoC.13Di GiorgioC.6869Di GiovanniF.22Di GiovanniM.117118Di GirolamoT.580Di LietoA.2021DingB.102Di PaceS.33119Di PalmaI.33119Di RenzoF.2021DivakarlaA. K.30DmitrievA.13DoctorZ.93DonovanF.14DooleyK. L.87106DoravariS.3DorringtonI.106DownesT. P.24DragoM.1617DriggersJ. C.47DuZ.84DucoinJ.-G.28DupejP.46DuranteO.6869DwyerS. E.47EasterP. J.6EddollsG.46EdoT. B.112EfflerA.7EhrensP.1EichholzJ.8EikenberryS. S.30EisenmannM.34EisensteinR. A.14ErricoL.580EssickR. C.93EstellesH.101EstevezD.34EtienneZ. B.39EtzelT.1EvansM.14EvansT. M.7FafoneV.163286FairhurstS.106FanX.84FarinonS.59FarrB.72FarrW. M.13Fauchon-JonesE. J.106FavataM.36FaysM.112FazioM.120FeeC.121FeichtJ.1FejerM. M.51FengF.26Fernandez-GalianaA.14FerranteI.2021FerreiraE. C.15FerreiraT. A.15FidecaroF.2021FioriI.29FiorucciD.1617FishbachM.93FisherR. P.122FishnerJ. M.14FittipaldiR.69123Fitz-AxenM.43FiumaraV.69124FlaminioR.34125FletcherM.46FlodenE.43FlynnE.27FongH.83FontJ. A.22126ForsythP. W. 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Z.106HammondG.46HaneyM.70HankeM. M.910HanksJ.47HannaC.90HannamM. D.106HannukselaO. A.94HansenT. J.35HansonJ.7HarderT.65HardwickT.2HarisK.18HarmsJ.1617HarryG. M.139HarryI. W.140HasskewR. K.7HasterC. J.14HaughianK.46HayesF. J.46HealyJ.62HeidmannA.73HeintzeM. C.7HeitmannH.65HellmanF.141HelloP.28HemmingG.29HendryM.46HengI. S.46HennigJ.910HeursM.910HildS.46HindererT.37142143HochheimS.910HofmanD.23HolgadoA. M.19HollandN. A.8HoltK.7HolzD. E.93HopkinsP.106HorstC.24HoughJ.46HowellE. J.66HoyC. G.106HuangY.14HübnerM. T.6HuertaE. A.19HuetD.28HugheyB.35HuiV.34HusaS.101HuttnerS. H.46Huynh-DinhT.7IdzkowskiB.74IessA.3286InchauspeH.30IngramC.57IntaR.85IntiniG.33119IrwinB.121IsaH. N.46IsacJ.-M.73IsiM.14IyerB. R.18JacqminT.73JadhavS. J.144JaniK.78JanthalurN. N.144JaranowskiP.145JariwalaD.30JenkinsA. C.146JiangJ.30JohnsonD. S.19JonesA. W.13JonesD. I.147JonesJ. D.47JonesR.46JonkerR. J. G.37JuL.66JunkerJ.910KalaghatgiC. V.106KalogeraV.58KamaiB.1KandhasamyS.3KangG.38KannerJ. B.1KapadiaS. 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P.179RowanS.46RüdigerA.910195RuggiP.29RutinsG.132RyanK.47SachdevS.90SadeckiT.47SakellariadouM.146SalafiaO. S.4445180SalconiL.29SaleemM.31SamajdarA.37SammutL.6SanchezE. J.1SanchezL. E.1Sanchis-GualN.181SandersJ. R.182SantiagoK. A.36SantosE.65SarinN.6SassolasB.23SathyaprakashB. S.90106SauterO.34137SavageR. L.47SchaleP.72ScheelM.48ScheuerJ.58SchmidtP.1367SchnabelR.134SchofieldR. M. S.72SchönbeckA.134SchreiberE.910SchulteB. W.910SchutzB. F.106ScottJ.46ScottS. M.8SeidelE.19SellersD.7SenguptaA. S.183SennettN.76SentenacD.29SequinoV.59SergeevA.150SetyawatiY.910ShaddockD. A.8ShafferT.47ShahriarM. S.58ShanerM. B.133SharmaA.1617SharmaP.60ShawhanP.77ShenH.19ShinkR.184ShoemakerD. H.14ShoemakerD. M.78ShuklaK.141ShyamSundarS.60SiellezK.78SieniawskaM.56SiggD.47SingerL. P.81SinghD.90SinghN.74SinghalA.1633SintesA. M.101SitmukhambetovS.108SklirisV.106SlagmolenB. J. J.8Slaven-BlairT. J.66SmithJ. R.27SmithR. J. E.6SomalaS.185SonE. J.153SoniS.2SorazuB.46SorrentinoF.59SouradeepT.3SowellE.85SpencerA. 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R.94ZadrożnyA. K.108ZadrożnyA.157ZanolinM.35ZelenovaT.29ZendriJ.-P.54ZevinM.58ZhangJ.66ZhangL.1ZhangT.46ZhaoC.66ZhaoG.102ZhouM.58ZhouZ.58ZhuX. J.6ZimmermanA. B.194ZuckerM. E.114ZweizigJ.1The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; lsc-spokesperson@ligo.org; virgo-spokesperson@ego-gw.it Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy OzGrav, School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India NCSA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91898 Orsay, France European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Chennai Mathematical Institute, Chennai 603103, India INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy, France Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301, USA Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA Caltech CaRT, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria “Scuola Medica Salernitana,” Università di Salerno, I-84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy Wigner RCP, RMKI, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Università di Camerino, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-62032 Camerino, Italy Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova, Italy INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716, Warsaw, Poland OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo,” I-61029 Urbino, Italy INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy Artemis, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire Côte d’Azur, CNRS, CS 34229, F-06304 Nice Cedex 4, France OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. 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Deceased, 2018 July.

013202119032021190320219092218218201971120201112202011122020© 2021. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.2021 Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.Abstract

This paper presents the gravitational-wave measurement of the Hubble constant (H 0) using the detections from the first and second observing runs of the Advanced LIGO and Virgo detector network. The presence of the transient electromagnetic counterpart of the binary neutron star GW170817 led to the first standard-siren measurement of H 0. Here we additionally use binary black hole detections in conjunction with galaxy catalogs and report a joint measurement. Our updated measurement is H 0 = 698+16 km s−1 Mpc−1 (68.3% of the highest density posterior interval with a flat-in-log prior) which is an improvement by a factor of 1.04 (about 4%) over the GW170817-only value of 698+17 km s−1 Mpc−1. A significant additional contribution currently comes from GW170814, a loud and well-localized detection from a part of the sky thoroughly covered by the Dark Energy Survey. With numerous detections anticipated over the upcoming years, an exhaustive understanding of other systematic effects are also going to become increasingly important. These results establish the path to cosmology using gravitational-wave observations with and without transient electromagnetic counterparts.

Gravitational wave astronomyHubble constantccc0004-637X/21/218+18$33.00crossmarkyes