apjsThe Astrophysical Journal Supplement SeriesAPJSAstrophys. J. Suppl.0067-00491538-4365The American Astronomical Societyapjsac391410.3847/1538-4365/ac3914ac3914AAS34677350The Solar System, Exoplanets, and AstrobiologyA Search of the Full Six Years of the Dark Energy Survey for Outer Solar System Objects0000-0003-0743-9422BernardinelliPedro H.1pedrobe@sas.upenn.edu0000-0002-8613-8259BernsteinGary M.10000-0003-2764-7093SakoMasao10000-0002-9541-2678YannyBrian20000-0001-5679-6747AguenaM.3AllamS.2Andrade-OliveiraF.340000-0002-3602-3664BertinE.56BrooksD.7Buckley-GeerE.28BurkeD. L.910RosellA. Carnero3Carrasco KindM.11120000-0002-3130-0204CarreteroJ.130000-0003-1949-7638ConseliceC.14150000-0001-8158-1449CostanziM.161718da CostaL. N.319De VicenteJ.20DesaiS.210000-0002-8357-7467DiehlH. T.2DietrichJ. P.22DoelP.70000-0002-1407-4700EckertK.1EverettS.230000-0002-1295-1132FerreroI.24FlaugherB.20000-0002-1510-5214FosalbaP.2526FriemanJ.2270000-0002-9370-8360García-BellidoJ.280000-0001-6942-2736GerdesD. W.29300000-0003-3270-7644GruenD.220000-0002-4588-6517GruendlR. A.11120000-0003-3023-8362GschwendJ.3190000-0003-2071-9349HintonS. R.310000-0002-9369-4157HollowoodD. L.23HonscheidK.3233JamesD. J.340000-0003-4207-7420KentS.2270000-0003-0120-0808KuehnK.35360000-0003-2511-0946KuropatkinN.2LahavO.7MaiaM. A. G.319MarchM.10000-0002-1372-2534MenanteauF.11120000-0002-6610-4836MiquelR.1337MorganR.380000-0001-6145-5859MylesJ.910390000-0003-2120-1154OgandoR. L. C.3190000-0002-6011-0530PalmeseA.2270000-0003-1339-2683Paz-ChinchónF.11400000-0001-9186-6042PieresA.319MalagónA. A. Plazas410000-0002-9328-879XRomerA. K.420000-0001-5326-3486RoodmanA.910SanchezE.20ScarpineV.2SchubnellM.300000-0002-0211-2861SerranoS.25260000-0002-1831-1953Sevilla-NoarbeI.20SmithM.430000-0001-6082-8529Soares-SantosM.30SuchytaE.44SwansonM. E. C.110000-0003-1704-0781TarleG.30ToC.91039VargaT. N.45460000-0002-7123-8943WalkerA. R.47 (The DES Collaboration) Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; pedrobe@sas.upenn.edu Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia—LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, F-75014, Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, F-75014, Paris, France Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P.O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA Center for Astrophysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK University of Nottingham, School of Physics and Astronomy, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK Astronomy Unit, Department of Physics, University of Trieste, via Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, I-34143 Trieste, Italy Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, I-34014 Trieste, Italy Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, D-81679 Munich, Germany Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Australian Astronomical Optics, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia Lowell Observatory, 1400 Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain Physics Department, 2320 Chamberlin Hall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1390, USA Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, D-85748 Garching, Germany Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, D-81679 München, Germany Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, NSFs NOIRLab, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile 01220220902202209022022258241109202121120211011202110092021© 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.2022 Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.Abstract

We present a search for outer solar system objects in the 6 yr of data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). The DES covered a contiguous 5000 deg2 of the southern sky with ≈80,000 3 deg2 exposures in the grizY filters between 2013 and 2019. This search yielded 812 trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs), one Centaur and one Oort cloud comet, 458 reported here for the first time. We present methodology that builds upon our previous search on the first 4 yr of data. All images were reprocessed with an optimized detection pipeline that leads to an average completeness gain of 0.47 mag per exposure, as well as improved transient catalog production and algorithms for linkage of detections into orbits. All objects were verified by visual inspection and by the “sub-threshold significance,” the signal-to-noise ratio in the stack of images in which its presence is indicated by the orbit, but no detection was reported. This yields a pure catalog complete to r ≈ 23.8 mag and distances 29 < d < 2500 au. The TNOs have minimum (median) of 7 (12) nights’ detections and arcs of 1.1 (4.2) yr, and will have grizY magnitudes available in a further publication. We present software for simulating our observational biases for comparisons of models to our detections. Initial inferences demonstrating the catalog’s statistical power are: the data are inconsistent with the CFEPS-L7 model for the classical Kuiper Belt; the 16 “extreme” TNOs (a > 150 au, q > 30 au) are consistent with the null hypothesis of azimuthal isotropy; and nonresonant TNOs with q > 38 au, a > 50 au show a significant tendency to be sunward of major mean-motion resonances.

unified-astronomy-thesaurushttp://astrothesaurus.org/uat/1469Small Solar System bodies1469http://astrothesaurus.org/uat/1705Trans-Neptunian objects1705http://astrothesaurus.org/uat/280Comets280http://astrothesaurus.org/uat/1858Astronomy data analysis1858http://astrothesaurus.org/uat/893Kuiper belt893NSFAST-1515804NSFAST-2009210DoEDE-SC0007901ccc0067-0049/22/41+20$33.00crossmarkyes