apjsThe Astrophysical Journal Supplement SeriesAPJSAstrophys. J. Suppl.0067-00491538-4365The American Astronomical Societyapjsac366c10.3847/1538-4365/ac366cac366cAAS34062310Galaxies and CosmologyVery Large Array Radio Study of a Sample of Nearby X-Ray and Optically Bright Early-type Galaxies0000-0003-3471-7459GrossováRomana12romana.grossova@gmail.com0000-0003-0392-0120WernerNorbert10000-0002-1704-9850MassaroFrancesco2LakhchauraKiran30000-0001-6411-3651PlšekTomáš10000-0003-1020-1597GabányiKrisztina4560000-0001-7509-2972RajpurohitKamlesh7CanningRebecca E. A.80000-0003-0297-4493NulsenPaul9100000-0002-5671-6900O’SullivanEwan9AllenSteven W.110000-0002-9378-4072FabianAndrew12 Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic romana.grossova@gmail.com Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy MTA-Eötvös University Extragalactic Astrophysics Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary ELKH-Eötvös University Extragalactic Astrophysics Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary Konkoly Observatory, ELKH Research Center for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Department of Astronomy, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, Hungary Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, I-40131, Bologna, Italy University of Portsmouth, Winston Churchill Avenue, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ICRAR, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-4085, USA Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK 012202224012022240120222582301282021261020212810202112082021© 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.2022 Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.Abstract

Many massive early-type galaxies host central radio sources and hot X-ray atmospheres indicating the presence of radio-mechanical active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. The duty cycle and detailed physics of the radio-mode AGN feedback is still a matter of debate. To address these questions, we present 1–2 GHz Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array radio observations of a sample of the 42 nearest optically and X-ray brightest early-type galaxies. We detect radio emission in 41/42 galaxies. However, the galaxy without a radio source, NGC 499, has recently been detected at lower frequencies by the Low-Frequency Array. Furthermore, 27/42 galaxies in our sample host extended radio structures and 34/42 sources show environmental interactions in the form of X-ray cavities. We find a significant correlation between the radio flux density and the largest linear size of the radio emission and between the radio power and the luminosity of the central X-ray point source. The central radio spectral indices of the galaxies span a wide range of values, with the majority of the systems having steep spectra and the rest flat spectra. These results are consistent with AGN activity, where the central radio sources are mostly switched on, thus the duty cycle is very high. Seven out of 14 galaxies with pointlike radio emission (Fanaroff–Riley Class 0; FR 0) also show X-ray cavities indicating that, despite the lack of extended radio structures at 1–2 GHz, these AGNs do launch jets capable of inflating lobes and cavities.

unified-astronomy-thesaurushttp://astrothesaurus.org/uat/739High energy astrophysics739http://astrothesaurus.org/uat/16Active galactic nuclei16http://astrothesaurus.org/uat/429Early-type galaxies429SI ∣ Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO)https://doi.org/10.13039/100009207 GO9-20083XGACR21-13491Xccc0067-0049/22/30+40$33.00crossmarkyes