dJPAPBEJournal of Physics D: Applied PhysicsJPhysDJ. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.0022-37271361-6463IOP Publishingdabe07b10.1088/1361-6463/abe07babe07bJPhysD-125915.R2Topical ReviewIonic and molecular transport in aqueous solution through 2D and layered nanoporous membranes0000-0001-7547-1817CaglarM1m.caglar@me.com0000-0003-3188-5414KeyserU F1ufk20@cam.ac.uk Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom 65202116220211622021541818300216920203012202027120212122020© 2021 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd2021 Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) materials provide an intriguing means to not only study physical phenomena but also serve as disruptive membranes for ionic selectivity and sensing based applications. Atomic thinness of these materials affords a unique environment in an all-surface material to unlock challenges towards improving desalination, energy harvesting and DNA sensing. This review provides an overview on some common 2D materials used in membrane applications for solving these challenges along with opportunities where 2D materials could add value to existing solutions. Following this, different types of 2D materials and structures are discussed with their relative advantages and disadvantages highlighted. Fabrication and methods of creating pores within 2D membranes are then presented with a focus on altering surface characteristics. Selected works within the field are highlighted and placed into a wider context, comparing their merits and shortfalls. A discussion of state-of-the-art performance for ionic transport, molecular sensing and power generation is then presented. This review concludes with an outlook on emerging methods and discussing exciting future directions.

nanoporesmembranesionic transportselectivityDNA sensing2DEngineering and Physical Sciences Research Councilhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266 1644616ccc1361-6463/21/183002+17$33.00printedPrinted in the UKcrossmarkyes