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ConBind: motif-aware cross-species alignment for the identification of functional transcription factor binding sites.


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Authors

Lelieveld, Stefan H 
Schütte, Judith 
Dijkstra, Maurits JJ 
Bawono, Punto 
Kinston, Sarah J 

Abstract

Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated by transcription factors (TFs) binding to promoter as well as distal enhancers. TFs recognize short, but specific binding sites (TFBSs) that are located within the promoter and enhancer regions. Functionally relevant TFBSs are often highly conserved during evolution leaving a strong phylogenetic signal. While multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is a potent tool to detect the phylogenetic signal, the current MSA implementations are optimized to align the maximum number of identical nucleotides. This approach might result in the omission of conserved motifs that contain interchangeable nucleotides such as the ETS motif (IUPAC code: GGAW). Here, we introduce ConBind, a novel method to enhance alignment of short motifs, even if their mutual sequence similarity is only partial. ConBind improves the identification of conserved TFBSs by improving the alignment accuracy of TFBS families within orthologous DNA sequences. Functional validation of the Gfi1b + 13 enhancer reveals that ConBind identifies additional functionally important ETS binding sites that were missed by all other tested alignment tools. In addition to the analysis of known regulatory regions, our web tool is useful for the analysis of TFBSs on so far unknown DNA regions identified through ChIP-sequencing.

Description

Keywords

Animals, Base Sequence, Binding Sites, Computational Biology, DNA-Binding Proteins, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Transcription Factors

Journal Title

Nucleic Acids Res

Conference Name

Journal ISSN

0305-1048
1362-4962

Volume Title

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)
Sponsorship
Leukaemia & Lymphoma Research (12029)
Wellcome Trust (097922/Z/11/Z)
Medical Research Council (MC_PC_12009)
Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (7001-12)
Cancer Research Uk (None)
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/I00050X/1)
Wellcome Trust (097922/Z/11/B)
N.B. wishes to acknowledge Beth Massa, Michael Klein, Eduard Beck (Microsoft), Kenji Takeda (Microsoft Research), Alie Kuiper, Sander van Dijk (SURFmarket) and Caroline Keulen (VU University Amsterdam) for their assistance with onboarding ConBind web services on Microsoft Azure.