Problems in biodiversity conservation tend to be highly complex, encompassing both biological and social systems and their interactions (1). Many have argued for multidisciplinary research in conservation, particularly a more effective engagement of the human sciences (2). But even when multidisciplinary, research may not be able to deliver the insights needed to solve a conservation problem. Recent studies help to elucidate these challenges and show how research can be effective in underpinning conservation decisions (2–5).