dc.contributor.author Popoola, Olalekan en dc.contributor.author Stewart, GB en dc.contributor.author Mead, Iq en dc.contributor.author Jones, Roderic en dc.date.accessioned 2017-01-03T17:32:09Z dc.date.available 2017-01-03T17:32:09Z dc.date.issued 2016-12-01 en dc.identifier.issn 1352-2310 dc.identifier.uri https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/261726 dc.description.abstract Recent studies have shown that (three-electrode) electrochemical sensors can be utilised for air quality monitoring and exposure assessment. The long-term performance of these sensors is however, often limited by the effects of ambient meteorological parameters on the sensor baseline, in particular temperature. If electrochemical (EC) sensors are to be adopted for air quality measurement over extended periods (months), this effect must be accounted for. Recent long-term, ambient measurements of CO, NO and NO$_2$ using EC sensors have revealed that temperature (and relative humidity (RH)) had an effect on the baseline which was more pronounced in the case of NO sensors with coefficient of determination, $R^2$ of 0.9 when compared to CO and NO$_2$ with $R^2$ < 0.2. In this paper we present a correction methodology that quantifies this effect (referred to here as fitted baseline), implementing these correction on the EC measurements. We found that EC sensors corrected for baseline-temperature effect using the method describe in this paper show good agreement when compared with traditional reference instrument. The coefficient of determination $R^2$ of 0.7-0.8 and gradient of 0.9 was observed for baseline-temperature corrected NO compared to $R^2$ = 0.02 prior to baseline-temperature correction. Furthermore, the correction methodology was validated by comparing the temperature-baseline with proxy temperature compensating measurements obtained from the fourth electrode of a set of novel four-electrode electrochemical sensors. A good agreement (R$^2$ = 0.9, with gradients = 0.7-1.08 for NO and 0.5 < R$^2$ < 0.73 for CO) was observed between temperature fitted baselines and outputs from the fourth electrodes (also known non-sensing/auxiliary electrode). Meanwhile, the long-term stability (calibrated signal output) of temperature-corrected data was evaluated by comparing the change in sensor gain to meteorological parameters including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction. The results showed that there was no statistically significant change in sensitivity (two-sided $t$-test, p = 0.34) of the temperature-corrected electrochemical sensor with respect to these parameters (over several months). This work demonstrates that using the baseline-temperature correction methodology described in this paper, electrochemical sensors can be used for long-term (months), quantitative measurements of air quality gases at the parts per billion volume (ppb) mixing ratio level typical of ambient conditions in the urban environment. dc.description.sponsorship The authors would like to thank Cambridge Commonwealth Trust & Cambridge Overseas Trust and Dorothy Hodgkin Studentship for the PhD studentship awarded to Olalekan Popoola. We will like to thank NERC for funding the SNAQ Heathrow project as well as DfT and EPSRC for funding the MESSAGE project. dc.language.iso en en dc.publisher Elsevier dc.rights Attribution 4.0 International en dc.rights Attribution 4.0 International en dc.rights Attribution 4.0 International en dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ en dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ en dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ en dc.subject air quality en dc.subject electrochemical sensors en dc.subject long-term measurements en dc.subject nitric oxide en dc.subject carbon monoxide en dc.subject baseline-temperature correction en dc.title Development of a baseline-temperature correction methodology for electrochemical sensors and its implications for long-term stability en dc.type Article prism.endingPage 343 prism.publicationDate 2016 en prism.publicationName Atmospheric Environment en prism.startingPage 330 prism.volume 147 en dc.identifier.doi 10.17863/CAM.6935 dcterms.dateAccepted 2016-10-14 en rioxxterms.versionofrecord 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.10.024 en rioxxterms.version VoR en rioxxterms.licenseref.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ en rioxxterms.licenseref.startdate 2016-12-01 en dc.contributor.orcid Popoola, Olalekan [0000-0003-2390-8436] dc.contributor.orcid Jones, Roderic [0000-0002-6761-3966] dc.identifier.eissn 1873-2844 rioxxterms.type Journal Article/Review en pubs.funder-project-id NERC (NE/I007490/1) pubs.funder-project-id NERC (NE/N007093/1) pubs.funder-project-id National Institutes of Health (NIH) (via University of California) (SUB AWARD No 00008197) cam.issuedOnline 2016-10-14 en cam.orpheus.success Thu Jan 30 10:20:25 GMT 2020 - The item has an open VoR version. * rioxxterms.freetoread.startdate 2100-01-01
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