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[Pyr¹]Apelin-13(₁-₁₂) Is a Biologically Active ACE2 Metabolite of the Endogenous Cardiovascular Peptide [Pyr¹]Apelin-13

Published version
Peer-reviewed

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Authors

Yang, P 
Kuc, RE 
Brame, AL 
Dyson, A 
Singer, M 

Abstract

Aims: Apelin is a predicted substrate for ACE2, a novel therapeutic target. Our aim was to demonstrate the endogenous presence of the putative ACE2 product [Pyr(1)]apelin-13(1-12) in human cardiovascular tissues and to confirm it retains significant biological activity for the apelin receptor in vitro and in vivo. The minimum active apelin fragment was also investigated. Methods and Results: [Pyr(1)]apelin-13 incubated with recombinant human ACE2 resulted in de novo generation of [Pyr(1)]apelin-13(1-12) identified by mass spectrometry. Endogenous [Pyr(1)]apelin-13(1-12) was detected by immunostaining in human heart and lung localized to the endothelium. Expression was undetectable in lung from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. In human heart [Pyr(1)]apelin-13(1-12) (pKi = 8.04 ± 0.06) and apelin-13(F13A) (pKi = 8.07 ± 0.24) competed with [(125)I]apelin-13 binding with nanomolar affinity, 4-fold lower than for [Pyr(1)]apelin-13 (pKi = 8.83 ± 0.06) whereas apelin-17 exhibited highest affinity (pKi = 9.63 ± 0.17). The rank order of potency of peptides to inhibit forskolin-stimulated cAMP was apelin-17 (pD2 = 10.31 ± 0.28) > [Pyr(1)]apelin-13 (pD2 = 9.67 ± 0.04) ≥ apelin-13(F13A) (pD2 = 9.54 ± 0.05) > [Pyr(1)]apelin-13(1-12) (pD2 = 9.30 ± 0.06). The truncated peptide apelin-13(R10M) retained nanomolar potency (pD2 = 8.70 ± 0.04) but shorter fragments exhibited low micromolar potency. In a β-arrestin recruitment assay the rank order of potency was apelin-17 (pD2 = 10.26 ± 0.09) > [Pyr(1)]apelin-13 (pD2 = 8.43 ± 0.08) > apelin-13(R10M) (pD2 = 8.26 ± 0.17) > apelin-13(F13A) (pD2 = 7.98 ± 0.04) ≥ [Pyr(1)]apelin-13(1-12) (pD2 = 7.84 ± 0.06) > shorter fragments (pD2 < 6). [Pyr(1)]apelin-13(1-12) and apelin-13(F13A) contracted human saphenous vein with similar sub-nanomolar potencies and [Pyr(1)]apelin-13(1-12) was a potent inotrope in paced mouse right ventricle and human atria. [Pyr(1)]apelin-13(1-12) elicited a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure in anesthetized rat and dose-dependent increase in forearm blood flow in human volunteers. Conclusions: We provide evidence that ACE2 cleaves [Pyr(1)]apelin-13 to [Pyr(1)]apelin-13(1-12) and this cleavage product is expressed in human cardiovascular tissues. We have demonstrated biological activity of [Pyr(1)]apelin-13(1-12) at the human and rodent apelin receptor in vitro and in vivo. Our data show that reported enhanced ACE2 activity in cardiovascular disease should not significantly compromise the beneficial effects of apelin based therapies for example in PAH.

Description

Keywords

ACE2, [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12), apelin, apelin receptor, biased signaling, forearm plethysmography, human heart, pulmonary arterial hypertension

Journal Title

Frontiers in Neuroscience

Conference Name

Journal ISSN

1662-4548
1662-453X

Volume Title

11

Publisher

Frontiers Media
Sponsorship
Medical Research Council (MC_PC_13059)
Wellcome Trust (096822/Z/11/Z)
MRC (MC_PC_14116 v2)
Wellcome Trust (085686/Z/08/J)
Wellcome Trust (107715/Z/15/Z)
British Heart Foundation (None)
This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust Programme in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease [096822/Z/11/Z to APD]; Wellcome Trust [WT 107715 to APD]; Medical Research Council [MC_PC_14116 to APD]; Wellcome Trust Programme in Translational Medicines and Therapeutics [085686 to APD], and in part by the National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre; and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association UK.