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The Macronuclear Genome of $\textit{Stentor coeruleus}$ Reveals Tiny Introns in a Giant Cell

Published version
Peer-reviewed

Type

Article

Change log

Authors

Slabodnick, MM 
Ruby, JG 
Reiff, SB 
Swart, EC 
Gosai, S 

Abstract

The giant, single-celled organism Stentor coeruleus has a long history as a model system for studying pattern formation and regeneration in single cells. Stentor coeruleus [1, 2] is a heterotrichous ciliate distantly related to familiar ciliate models, such as Tetrahymena or Paramecium. The primary distinguishing feature of Stentor is its incredible size: a single cell is 1 mm long. Early developmental biologists, including T.H. Morgan [3], were attracted to the system because of its regenerative abilities-if large portions of a cell are surgically removed, the remnant reorganizes into a normal-looking but smaller cell with correct proportionality [2, 3]. These biologists were also drawn to Stentor because it exhibits a rich repertoire of behaviors, including light avoidance, mechanosensitive contraction, food selection, and even the ability to habituate to touch, a simple form of learning usually seen in higher organisms [4]. While early microsurgical approaches demonstrated a startling array of regenerative and morphogenetic processes in this single-celled organism, Stentor was never developed as a molecular model system. We report the sequencing of the Stentor coeruleus macronuclear genome and reveal key features of the genome. First, we find that Stentor uses the standard genetic code, suggesting that ciliate-specific genetic codes arose after Stentor branched from other ciliates. We also discover that ploidy correlates with Stentor's cell size. Finally, in the Stentor genome, we discover the smallest spliceosomal introns reported for any species. The sequenced genome opens the door to molecular analysis of single-cell regeneration in Stentor.

Description

Keywords

ciliate, intron evolution, genetic code, regeneration, macronucleus, splicing, ploidy, cell size, heterotrichidae, U2 snRNA

Journal Title

Current Biology

Conference Name

Journal ISSN

0960-9822
1879-0445

Volume Title

27

Publisher

Elsevier (Cell Press)
Sponsorship
This work was supported by an ARCS Graduate Fellowship (M.M.S.), an American Cancer Society postdoctoral fellowship (P.S.), the Herbert Boyer Junior Faculty Endowed Chair (W.F.M.), a UCSF Resource Allocation Program New Directions grant (W.F.M.), and by NIH grants R01 GM090305 (W.F.M.) and R01 GM113602 (W.F.M.).