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CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts reveal genetic interaction between strain-transcendent erythrocyte determinants of Plasmodium falciparum invasion.

Accepted version
Peer-reviewed

Type

Article

Change log

Authors

Grüring, Christof 
Chaand, Mudit 
Egan, Elizabeth 

Abstract

During malaria blood-stage infections, Plasmodium parasites interact with the RBC surface to enable invasion followed by intracellular proliferation. Critical factors involved in invasion have been identified using biochemical and genetic approaches including specific knockdowns of genes of interest from primary CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (cRBCs). Here we report the development of a robust in vitro culture system to produce RBCs that allow the generation of gene knockouts via CRISPR/Cas9 using the immortal JK-1 erythroleukemia line. JK-1 cells spontaneously differentiate, generating cells at different stages of erythropoiesis, including terminally differentiated nucleated RBCs that we term "jkRBCs." A screen of small-molecule epigenetic regulators identified several bromodomain-specific inhibitors that promote differentiation and enable production of synchronous populations of jkRBCs. Global surface proteomic profiling revealed that jkRBCs express all known Pfalciparum host receptors in a similar fashion to cRBCs and that multiple Pfalciparum strains invade jkRBCs at comparable levels to cRBCs and RBCs. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we deleted two host factors, basigin (BSG) and CD44, for which no natural nulls exist. BSG interacts with the parasite ligand Rh5, a prominent vaccine candidate. A BSG knockout was completely refractory to parasite invasion in a strain-transcendent manner, confirming the essential role for BSG during invasion. CD44 was recently identified in an RNAi screen of blood group genes as a host factor for invasion, and we show that CD44 knockout results in strain-transcendent reduction in invasion. Furthermore, we demonstrate a functional interaction between these two determinants in mediating Pfalciparum erythrocyte invasion.

Description

Keywords

BSG, CD44, CRISPR/Cas9, Plasmodium falciparum, parasite invasion, Antigens, Protozoan, Basigin, CRISPR-Cas Systems, Carrier Proteins, Cell Differentiation, Cell Line, Tumor, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, Epigenesis, Genetic, Erythrocytes, Gene Knockout Techniques, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Hyaluronan Receptors, K562 Cells, Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute, Ligands, Malaria, Malaria, Falciparum, Plasmodium falciparum, Proteomics, Protozoan Proteins

Journal Title

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Conference Name

Journal ISSN

0027-8424
1091-6490

Volume Title

114

Publisher

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Sponsorship
Wellcome Trust (108070/Z/15/Z)