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Developmental cognitive neuroscience using latent change score models: A tutorial and applications.

Published version
Peer-reviewed

Type

Article

Change log

Authors

Kievit, Rogier A 
Brandmaier, Andreas M 
Ziegler, Gabriel 
van Harmelen, Anne-Laura  ORCID logo  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1108-2921
de Mooij, Susanne MM 

Abstract

Assessing and analysing individual differences in change over time is of central scientific importance to developmental neuroscience. However, the literature is based largely on cross-sectional comparisons, which reflect a variety of influences and cannot directly represent change. We advocate using latent change score (LCS) models in longitudinal samples as a statistical framework to tease apart the complex processes underlying lifespan development in brain and behaviour using longitudinal data. LCS models provide a flexible framework that naturally accommodates key developmental questions as model parameters and can even be used, with some limitations, in cases with only two measurement occasions. We illustrate the use of LCS models with two empirical examples. In a lifespan cognitive training study (COGITO, N = 204 (N = 32 imaging) on two waves) we observe correlated change in brain and behaviour in the context of a high-intensity training intervention. In an adolescent development cohort (NSPN, N = 176, two waves) we find greater variability in cortical thinning in males than in females. To facilitate the adoption of LCS by the developmental community, we provide analysis code that can be adapted by other researchers and basic primers in two freely available SEM software packages (lavaan and Ωnyx).

Description

Keywords

Adolescence, Development, Individual differences, Latent change scores, Longitudinal modelling, Structural equation modelling, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Models, Statistical

Journal Title

Dev Cogn Neurosci

Conference Name

Journal ISSN

1878-9293
1878-9307

Volume Title

33

Publisher

Elsevier BV
Sponsorship
Royal Society (DH150176)
Wellcome Trust (107392/Z/15/Z)
European Commission (732592)
Medical Research Council (MC_UP_1401/1)
Wellcome Trust (095844/Z/11/Z)
Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00005/9)
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