Understanding LiOH Formation in a Li-O <inf>2</inf> Battery with LiI and H <inf>2</inf> O Additives

Abstract

LiI-promoted LiOH formation in Li-O2 batteries with wet ether electrolytes has been investigated by Raman, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, operando pressure tests and molecular dynamics simulations. We find that LiOH formation is a synergistic effect involving both H2O and LiI additives, whereas with either alone Li2O2 forms. LiOH is generated via a nominal four-electron oxygen reduction reaction, the hydrogen coming from H2O and the oxygen from both O2 and H2O, and with fewer side reactions than typically associated with Li2O2 formation; the presence of fewer parasitic reactions is attributed to the proton donor role of water which can coordinate to O2- and the higher chemical stability of LiOH. Iodide plays a catalytic role in decomposing H2O2/HO2- thereby promoting LiOH formation, its efficacy being highly dependent on the water concentration. This iodide catalysis becomes retarded at high water contents due to the formation of large water-solvated clusters, and Li2O2 forms again.