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Ritual of Offering to the Protectors of Land


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Authors

Terbish, Baasanjav 

Abstract

It is an old Buddhist rite which combines both Buddhist and shamanic cults of the people of Central Asia, including the Mongols and the Tibetans. According to Mahayana Buddhist tradition, protectors of land (Tib. sa-bdag, Mon. gazrin ezen) are invisible beings that protect places where they dwell. Such protectors also may take the form of snake-like beings (Tib. klu, Mon. luus) that were adopted from Indian mythology. Also, the territory of Kalmykia is believed by Kalmyks to be protected by White Old Man (Tsagan Aav), a deity which was included into the Buddhist pantheon with the advent of this religion among the Kalmyks. Apart from them, there exist a host of deities whose task is to protect the teachings of Buddha in traditionally Buddhist lands. As a rule, such deities have a furious appearance and are depicted as having multiple limbs or heads. The ritual of making offerings to the protectors of land is aimed at inviting all deities, both those that protect the local land and those who are tasked with defending Buddhism, to the place where the ritual is being performed. The ritual starts with chanting the text of ‘100 divine beings of the Tushita Heaven’, which is followed by offering incense to the deities. For this a fire is set alight, and special substances are thrown into it, including incenses, herbs, three ‘sweet foodstuffs’ (candies, biscuits and honey), three ‘dairy products’ (milk, butter and sour cream), etc. After that, by beating drums the lamas invite the protectors of Buddhism to offer them a special drink (Tib. gser-skyem, Mon. altan undaa) which is accompanied by chanting a special text. Afterwards, the lamas read mantras to increase spiritual merit. This video features one such ritual performed by the lamas Mergen Bel’teev and Sanal Dzhalaev for the people from the village of Zegista in Tselinnyi rayon of Kalmykia. The villagers asked the lamas to perform this ritual due to accidents that befell their community in March 2018 (one villager was murdered, and two others went missing). According to Kalmyk beliefs, such accidents happen when spiritual protectors are not happy with the activities of the people who live on their land. In order to prevent further accidents, the villagers need to re-establish a good relationship with the supernatural.

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Keywords

ritual

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Publisher

Kalmyk Cultural Heritage Documentation Project, University of Cambridge

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Sponsorship
Sponsored by Arcadia Fund, a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin