jats:titleAbstract</jats:title> jats:pStatistical studies of cataloged object properties are central to astrophysics. But one cannot model those objects’ population properties without the sample’s selection function, the quantitative understanding of which objects could have ended up in such a catalog. As didactic introductions to this topic are scarce in the astrophysical literature, we provide one here, addressing the following questions: What is a selection function? On what arguments jats:bold jats:italicq</jats:italic> </jats:bold> should it depend? Over what domain must a selection function be defined? What simplifying approximations can be made? And, how is a selection function used in “modeling”? We argue that volume-complete samples, limited by the faintest objects, reflect a highly suboptimal selection function, needlessly reducing the number of bright and usually rare sample members. We illustrate these points by a worked example: github.com/gaia-unlimited/WD-selection-function, deriving the space density of white dwarfs (WDs) in the Galactic neighborhood as a function of their luminosity and color, Φjats:sub0</jats:sub>(jats:italicM</jats:italic> jats:sub jats:italicG</jats:italic> </jats:sub>, (jats:italicB</jats:italic> − jats:italicR</jats:italic>)) in [magjats:sup−2</jats:sup> pcjats:sup−3</jats:sup>]. We construct a sample jats:inline-formula jats:tex-math

</jats:tex-math> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mi mathvariant="italic"></mml:mi> </mml:math> <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="ajac0c13ieqn1.gif" xlink:type="simple" /> </jats:inline-formula> of 10jats:sup5</jats:sup> presumed WDs through straightforward selection cuts on the Gaia EDR3 catalog in magnitude, color, and parallax, jats:bold jats:italicq</jats:italic> </jats:bold> = (jats:italicG</jats:italic>, (jats:italicB</jats:italic> − jats:italicR</jats:italic>), jats:italicϖ</jats:italic>). We then combine a simple model for Φjats:sub0</jats:sub> with this selection function’s jats:inline-formula jats:tex-math

</jats:tex-math> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> mml:msub mml:mrow mml:miS</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> mml:mrow <mml:mi mathvariant="italic"></mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">q</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="ajac0c13ieqn2.gif" xlink:type="simple" /> </jats:inline-formula> effective survey volume to estimate Φjats:sub0</jats:sub>(jats:italicM</jats:italic> jats:sub jats:italicG</jats:italic> </jats:sub>, (jats:italicB</jats:italic> − jats:italicR</jats:italic>)) precisely and robustly against the detailed choices for jats:inline-formula jats:tex-math

</jats:tex-math> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> mml:msub mml:mrow mml:miS</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> mml:mrow <mml:mi mathvariant="italic"></mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">q</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="ajac0c13ieqn3.gif" xlink:type="simple" /> </jats:inline-formula>. This resulting WD luminosity–color function Φjats:sub0</jats:sub>(jats:italicM</jats:italic> jats:sub jats:italicG</jats:italic> </jats:sub>, (jats:italicB</jats:italic> − jats:italicR</jats:italic>)) differs dramatically from the initial number density distribution in the luminosity−color plane: by orders of magnitude in density and by four magnitudes in density peak location.</jats:p>