Meat-reduced Dietary Practices and Efforts in Five Countries: Analysis of Cross-sectional Surveys in 2018 and 2019.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Diets that reduce reliance on animal-source foods are recommended in some contexts. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare proportions of respondents who reported following meat-reduced dietary practices (i.e., vegetarian, vegan or pescatarian diets) and/or making efforts to reduce animal-source foods, and to examine sociodemographic correlates across five countries. METHODS: Online surveys were conducted in November/December 2018 and 2019 with 41,607 adults from Australia (n = 7926), Canada (n = 8031), Mexico (n = 8110), the United Kingdom (UK; n = 9129) and the United States (US; n = 8411) as part of the International Food Policy Study. Respondents were asked if they would describe themselves as vegetarian, vegan or pescatarian, and if they had made efforts to consume less red meat, all meats, and dairy products in the past year. Logistic regressions examined differences in the likelihood of each behaviour between countries and sociodemographic subgroups. RESULTS: Approximately 1 in 10 respondents reported following a vegetarian, vegan or pescatarian diet, ranging from 8.6% (Canada) to 11.7% (UK). In the past 12 months, the proportions of respondents who reported efforts to consume less red meat ranged from 34.5% (Australia) to 44.4% (Mexico); efforts to consume less of all meats ranged from 27.9% (US) to 35.2% (Mexico), and efforts to consume less dairy were reported by 20.6% (UK) to 41.3% (Mexico). Respondents were more likely to report efforts to consume less animal-source products in 2019 compared to 2018 in most countries. Sociodemographic patterns varied by country; in general, women, those with higher education, and those in minority ethnic groups were more likely to report following meat-reduced dietary practices or efforts to consume fewer animal-source products. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly half of respondents reported following a meat-reduced diet or efforts to reduce animal-source products, with differences between countries and population subgroups. Population-level approaches and policies that support meat-reduction may further reduce consumption of animal-source products.