Droplet-based single-cell total RNA-seq reveals differential non-coding expression and splicing patterns during mouse development

Abstract

In recent years, single-cell transcriptome sequencing has revolutionized biology, allowing for the unbiased characterization of cellular subpopulations. However, most methods amplify the termini of polyadenylated transcripts capturing only a small fraction of the total cellular transcriptome. This precludes the detection of many long non-coding, short non-coding and non-polyadenylated protein-coding transcripts. Additionally, most workflows do not sequence the full transcript hindering the analysis of alternative splicing. We therefore developed VASAseq to detect the total transcriptome in single cells. VASA-seq is compatible with both platebased formats and droplet microfluidics. We applied VASA-seq to over 30,000 single cells in the developing mouse embryo during gastrulation and early organogenesis. The dynamics of the total single-cell transcriptome result in the discovery of novel cell type markers, many based on non-coding RNA, an in vivo cell cycle analysis and an improved RNA velocity characterization. Moreover, it provides the first comprehensive analysis of alternative splicing during mammalian development.