TNF induces pathogenic mitochondrial ROS in tuberculosis through reverse electron transport
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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a critical host resistance factor against tuberculosis. However, excess TNF produces susceptibility by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS), which initiate a signaling cascade to cause pathogenic necrosis of mycobacterium infected macrophages. Here, using the zebrafish, we identify the mechanism of TNF-induced mROS in tuberculosis. Excess TNF in mycobacterium-infected macrophages elevates mROS production by reverse electron transport (RET) through complex I. TNF-activated cellular glutamine uptake increases the Krebs cycle intermediate succinate. Oxidation of this elevated succinate by complex II drives RET, thereby generating the mROS superoxide at complex I. The complex I inhibitor, metformin, a widely used anti-diabetic drug, prevents TNF-induced mROS and necrosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected zebrafish and human macrophages, suggesting its utility in tuberculosis therapy.
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1095-9203
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Wellcome Trust (223103/Z/21/Z)
Medical Research Council (MC_U105663142)
Wellcome Trust (110159/Z/15/Z)