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Difficulty and help with activities of daily living among older adults living alone during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-country population-based study.

Published version
Peer-reviewed

Type

Article

Change log

Authors

Jones, Linda A 
Jiang, Shan 
Jin, Huajie 
Dong, Dong 

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Older adults who live alone and have difficulties in activities of daily living (ADLs) may have been more vulnerable during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known about pandemic-related changes in ADL assistance (such as home care, domiciliary care) and its international variation. We examined international patterns and changes in provision of ADL assistance, and related these to country-level measures including national income and health service expenditure. METHODS: We analysed data covering 29 countries from three longitudinal cohort studies (Health and Retirement Study, English Longitudinal Study of Aging, and Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe). Eligible people were aged ≥50 years and living alone. Outcomes included ADL difficulty status (assessed via six basic ADLs and five instrumental ADLs) and receipt of ADL assistance. Wealth-related inequality and need-related inequity in ADL assistance were measured using Erreygers' corrected concentration index (ECI). Correlations were estimated between prevalence/inequality/inequity in ADL assistance and national health-related indicators. We hypothesized these measures would be associated with health system factors such as affordability and availability of ADL assistance, as well as active ageing awareness. RESULTS: During COVID-19, 18.4% of older adults living alone reported ADL difficulties (ranging from 8.8% in Switzerland to 29.2% in the USA) and 56.8% of those reporting difficulties received ADL assistance (ranging from 38.7% in the UK to 79.8% in Lithuania). Females were more likely to receive ADL assistance than males in 16/29 countries; the sex gap increased further during the pandemic. Wealth-related ECIs indicated socioeconomic equality in ADL assistance within 24/39 countries before the pandemic, and significant favouring of the less wealthy in 18/29 countries during the pandemic. Needs-related ECIs indicated less equity in assistance with ADLs during the pandemic than before. Our hypotheses on the association between ADL provision measures and health system factors were confirmed before COVID-19, but unexpectedly disconfirmed during COVID-19. CONCLUSION: This study revealed an unequal (and in some countries, partly needs-mismatched) response from countries to older adults living alone during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings might inform future research about, and policies for, older adults living alone, particularly regarding social protection responses during crises.

Description

Keywords

Activities of daily living, COVID-19, Domiciliary care, Live alone, Older adults, Activities of Daily Living, Aged, COVID-19, Female, Home Environment, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2

Journal Title

BMC Geriatr

Conference Name

Journal ISSN

1471-2318
1471-2318

Volume Title

22

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Sponsorship
Medical Research Council (MC_PC_17213)
MRC (via Swansea University) (DATAMIND 106893)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (IS-BRC-1215-20014)
Medical Research Council (MR/W014386/1)