Strike‐slip faulting during the 2014 Bárðarbunga‐Holuhraun dike intrusion, central Iceland

Abstract

Abstract Over a 13 day period magma propagated laterally from the subglacial Bárðarbunga volcano in the northern rift zone, Iceland. It created > 30,000 earthquakes at 5–7 km depth along a 48 km path before erupting on 29 August 2014. The seismicity, which tracked the dike propagation, advanced in short bursts at 0.3–4.7 km/h separated by pauses of up to 81 h. During each surge forward, seismicity behind the dike tip dropped. Moment tensor solutions from the leading edge show exclusively left‐lateral strike‐slip faulting subparallel to the advancing dike tip, releasing accumulated strain deficit in the brittle layer of the rift zone. Behind the leading edge, both left‐ and right‐lateral strike‐slip earthquakes are observed. The lack of non‐double‐couple earthquakes implies that the dike opening was aseismic. Key Points Melt propagated 48 km laterally at 5‐7 km bsl prior to erupting, generating more than 30,000 earthquakes Seismicity arises from double‐couple strike‐slip failure orientated subparallel to the dike strike Left‐lateral fault motion is dominant to accommodate extension across the divergent plate boundary