We use differential cohomology to systematically construct a large class of topological actions in physics, including Chern-Simons terms, Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten terms, and theta terms (continuous or discrete). We introduce a notion of invariant differential cohomology and use it to describe theories with global symmetries and we use equivariant differential cohomology to describe theories with gauge symmetries. There is a natural map from equivariant to invariant differential cohomology whose failure to surject detects 't Hooft anomalies, i.e. global symmetries which cannot be gauged. We describe a number of simple examples from quantum mechanics, such as a rigid body or an electric charge coupled to a magnetic monopole. We also describe examples of sigma models, such as those describing non-abelian bosonization in two dimensions, for which we offer an intrinsically bosonic description of the mod-2-valued 't Hooft anomaly that is traditionally seen by passing to the dual theory of Majorana fermions. Along the way, we describe a smooth structure on equivariant differential cohomology and prove various exactness and splitting properties that help with the characterization of both the equivariant and invariant theories.