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Method development and analysis of nanoparticle size fractions from tire-wear emissions †

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Peer-reviewed

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Abstract

Herein, we examine the generation of nanoparticles from tire and road interactions, with a focus on two key aspects: replicating real-world conditions in a controlled environment for particle generation and analysing the collected particles through both online and offline techniques. In order to generate realistic wear patterns, third body particles were used in a standardized laboratory tire testing facility across dynamic and static speeds and load profiles. The findings indicated that milled stone dust as a third body particle significantly disrupted the nanoparticle size range, complicating the differentiation between tire-based and third-body-based nanoparticles. However, using sand as a third body particle, the interference showed comparatively lower background noise within the nanoparticle region. Here, steady-state cycles were employed to discern the relationships between force events and nanoparticle generation, which were compared to analyses conducted over an entire dynamic drive cycle. The steady-state cycles revealed that high lateral forces (>2 kN) yielded the highest nanoparticle concentrations, surpassing background levels by over two orders of magnitude. Meanwhile, the drive cycle trials indicated that approximately 70% of the emitted nanoparticles throughout the entire drive cycle were semi-volatile emissions, likely originating from vaporization events. ICP-MS results confirmed the presence of tire-related elements in the nanoparticle region, but definitive attribution to the tire or road surface remains a challenge for the field. This study underscores the complexities inherent in generating, collecting, and assessing submicron tire wear particles, laying the groundwork for addressing uncertainties and refining non-exhaust tire emission methodologies.

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Acknowledgements: We thank the Karlsruhe Institute for Technology technicians for their support and flexibility throughout the trials and Jason Day from the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge. The authors would like to thank the Tire Industry Project, part of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, for their support of this work.

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Journal Title

Environmental Science: Atmospheres

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Journal ISSN

2634-3606

Volume Title

Publisher

RSC
Sponsorship
University of Cambridge (Unassigned)
World Business Council for Sustainable Development (Unassigned)