Mapping the global flow of aluminum: from liquid aluminum to end-use goods.
| cam.issuedOnline | 2013-03-11 | |
| dc.contributor.author | Cullen, Jonathan M | |
| dc.contributor.author | Allwood, Julian M | |
| dc.contributor.orcid | Cullen, Jonathan [0000-0003-4347-5025] | |
| dc.contributor.orcid | Allwood, Julian M. [0000-0003-0931-3831] | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2019-05-29T13:59:03Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2019-05-29T13:59:03Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2013-04-02 | |
| dc.description.abstract | Demand for aluminum in final products has increased 30-fold since 1950 to 45 million tonnes per year, with forecasts predicting this exceptional growth to continue so that demand will reach 2-3 times today's levels by 2050. Aluminum production uses 3.5% of global electricity and causes 1% of global CO2 emissions, while meeting a 50% cut in emissions by 2050 against growing demand would require at least a 75% reduction in CO2 emissions per tonne of aluminum produced--a challenging prospect. In this paper we trace the global flows of aluminum from liquid metal to final products, revealing for the first time a complete map of the aluminum system and providing a basis for future study of the emissions abatement potential of material efficiency. The resulting Sankey diagram also draws attention to two key issues. First, around half of all liquid aluminum (~39 Mt) produced each year never reaches a final product, and a detailed discussion of these high yield losses shows significant opportunities for improvement. Second, aluminum recycling, which avoids the high energy costs and emissions of electrolysis, requires signification "dilution" (~ 8 Mt) and "cascade" (~ 6 Mt) flows of higher aluminum grades to make up for the shortfall in scrap supply and to obtain the desired alloy mix, increasing the energy required for recycling. | |
| dc.format.medium | Print-Electronic | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.17863/CAM.40359 | |
| dc.identifier.eissn | 1520-5851 | |
| dc.identifier.issn | 0013-936X | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/293211 | |
| dc.language | eng | |
| dc.language.iso | eng | |
| dc.publisher | American Chemical Society (ACS) | |
| dc.publisher.url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es304256s | |
| dc.subject | Aluminum | |
| dc.subject | Greenhouse Effect | |
| dc.subject | Internationality | |
| dc.subject | Recycling | |
| dc.title | Mapping the global flow of aluminum: from liquid aluminum to end-use goods. | |
| dc.type | Article | |
| prism.endingPage | 3064 | |
| prism.issueIdentifier | 7 | |
| prism.publicationDate | 2013 | |
| prism.publicationName | Environ Sci Technol | |
| prism.startingPage | 3057 | |
| prism.volume | 47 | |
| pubs.funder-project-id | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/G007217/1) | |
| rioxxterms.licenseref.startdate | 2013-04 | |
| rioxxterms.licenseref.uri | http://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved | |
| rioxxterms.type | Journal Article/Review | |
| rioxxterms.version | AM | |
| rioxxterms.versionofrecord | 10.1021/es304256s |
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