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Automatic Tuning Matching Cycler (ATMC) in situ NMR spectroscopy as a novel approach for real-time investigations of Li- and Na-ion batteries.

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cam.issuedOnline2016-02-17
dc.contributor.authorPecher, Oliver
dc.contributor.authorBayley, Paul M
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Hao
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Zigeng
dc.contributor.authorTrease, Nicole M
dc.contributor.authorGrey, Clare P
dc.contributor.orcidLiu, Zigeng [0000-0002-2955-5080]
dc.contributor.orcidGrey, Clare [0000-0001-5572-192X]
dc.date.accessioned2016-02-22T11:31:10Z
dc.date.available2016-02-22T11:31:10Z
dc.date.issued2016-04
dc.description.abstractWe have developed and explored the use of a new Automatic Tuning Matching Cycler (ATMC) in situ NMR probe system to track the formation of intermediate phases and investigate electrolyte decomposition during electrochemical cycling of Li- and Na-ion batteries (LIBs and NIBs). The new approach addresses many of the issues arising during in situ NMR, e.g., significantly different shifts of the multi-component samples, changing sample conditions (such as the magnetic susceptibility and conductivity) during cycling, signal broadening due to paramagnetism as well as interferences between the NMR and external cycler circuit that might impair the experiments. We provide practical insight into how to conduct ATMC in situ NMR experiments and discuss applications of the methodology to LiFePO4 (LFP) and Na3V2(PO4)2F3 cathodes as well as Na metal anodes. Automatic frequency sweep (7)Li in situ NMR reveals significant changes of the strongly paramagnetic broadened LFP line shape in agreement with the structural changes due to delithiation. Additionally, (31)P in situ NMR shows a full separation of the electrolyte and cathode NMR signals and is a key feature for a deeper understanding of the processes occurring during charge/discharge on the local atomic scale of NMR. (31)P in situ NMR with "on-the-fly" re-calibrated, varying carrier frequencies on Na3V2(PO4)2F3 as a cathode in a NIB enabled the detection of different P signals within a huge frequency range of 4000 ppm. The experiments show a significant shift and changes in the number as well as intensities of (31)P signals during desodiation/sodiation of the cathode. The in situ experiments reveal changes of local P environments that in part have not been seen in ex situ NMR investigations. Furthermore, we applied ATMC (23)Na in situ NMR on symmetrical Na-Na cells during galvanostatic plating. An automatic adjustment of the NMR carrier frequency during the in situ experiment ensured on-resonance conditions for the Na metal and electrolyte peak, respectively. Thus, interleaved measurements with different optimal NMR set-ups for the metal and electrolyte, respectively, became possible. This allowed the formation of different Na metal species as well as a quantification of electrolyte consumption during the electrochemical experiment to be monitored. The new approach is likely to benefit a further understanding of Na-ion battery chemistries.
dc.description.sponsorshipThe collaboration with Marco Braun (NMR Service GmbH, Erfurt, DE) on NMR probehead design and manufacturing is gratefully acknowledged. We acknowledge Baris Key, Rangeet Bhattacharrya and Revolution NMR LLC (Fort Collins, CO, USA) for the development of the first generation in situ NMR probes. We thank David Bennett (Bruker Biospin, Rheinstetten, DE), Andrew J. Pell (Cambridge, UK), and Peter Grice (Cambridge, UK) for fruitful discussions and Nathan Pitt (Cambridge, UK) for technical support. C.P.G. and Z.L. acknowledge Prof. Yong Yang (Xiamen, China) and his group for ongoing collaborations on Na3V2(PO4)2F3. O.P. and P.M.B. gratefully acknowledge financial support through a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (H2020-MSCA-IF-2014-EF, #655444) and FP7 Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship, respectively. Research was supported in part by the NorthEast Center for Chemical Energy Storage (NECCES), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences under Award # DE-SC0012583 (LFP materials, H.L., and N.M.T.), and by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy, under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231, under the Batteries for Advanced Transportation Technologies Program subcontract 7057154 (Na metal).
dc.description.versionThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2016.02.008
dc.identifier.citationPecher et al. Journal of Magnetic Resonance (2016). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2016.02.008
dc.identifier.eissn1096-0856
dc.identifier.issn1090-7807
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/253876
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherElsevier BV
dc.publisher.urlhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2016.02.008
dc.rightsAttribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/
dc.subjectIn situ NMR
dc.subjectLi-ion battery
dc.subjectNa-ion battery
dc.subjectParamagnetism
dc.titleAutomatic Tuning Matching Cycler (ATMC) in situ NMR spectroscopy as a novel approach for real-time investigations of Li- and Na-ion batteries.
dc.typeArticle
dcterms.dateAccepted2016-02-15
prism.endingPage209
prism.publicationDate2016
prism.publicationNameJ Magn Reson
prism.startingPage200
prism.volume265
pubs.funder-project-idEuropean Commission (655444)
rioxxterms.licenseref.startdate2016-02-17
rioxxterms.licenseref.urihttp://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved
rioxxterms.typeJournal Article/Review
rioxxterms.versionAM
rioxxterms.versionofrecord10.1016/j.jmr.2016.02.008

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