Acknowledgements: This work was supported by an EPSRC New Horizons award (EP/V048090/1), a UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship to A. C. F. (MR/T043024/1), and an EPSRC doctoral training award to N. A. H. (ref EP/T517847/1). D. C. Y. L. acknowledges the RSC for the award of an Undergraduate Research Bursary. We thank Israel Temprano for their support with equipment for electrochemical gas sorption measurements. We thank Jamie W. Gittins and Emma J. Latchem for their collaboration and technical expertise. We thank Mengnan Wang at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London for running the XPS samples. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising.