Searching for Öölds: A Journey to Kyrgyzstan
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This video explores the history and contemporary ethnography of the Öölds in Kyrgyzstan. Törmönkh visited Kyrgyzstan in 2017 and conducted extensive fieldwork among the Öölds, internationally known as Sart Kalmyks. Fluent in Kazakh, Törmönkh encountered few difficulties in understanding conversations in Kyrgyzstan. In 1860, the Dungan revolt expanded its scale to the Ili region and swiftly defeated the Qing troops. Under pressure from Muslims, who intended on establish an independent Eastern Turkestan state across Central Asia and began to target surrounding groups of different faiths, Mongols and other groups of Manchu, Solon, and Sibo dispersed in various ways to survive. Consequently, 245 Ööld households sought asylum in the region known as Har Gol which included in the Tsarist Russian domain through an unequal treaty following the war. Today, these Öölds have been significantly assimilated into the Kyrgyz culture, expanding their population to over 10,000. They predominantly practise Islam, in contrast to their Buddhist ancestors, and communicate in Kyrgyz or Russian. Törmönkh found no materials related to the clear script. Additionally, they retain some memory of the Ööld traditional customs, such as Epic Jangar, the Topshur instrument, and certain dairy food traditions of making milk wine. Historical materials discovered by Törmönkh in Kyrgyzstan provide a detailed account of the Öölds’ history, recounting their flight from Ili following the dismantling of the Manchu Amban’s authority and the ensuing genocide near the city of Ghulja in Ili.