Abstract Context: Immune dysfunction following major traumatic injury is complex and strongly associated with significant morbidity and mortality through the development of MODS (multiple organ dysfunction syndrome), PICS (persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome) and sepsis. Neutrophils are thought to be a pivotal mediator in the development of immune dysfunction. Aim: To provide a review with a systematic approach of the recent literature describing neutrophil kinetics and functional changes after major trauma in humans and discuss hypotheses as to the mechanisms of the observed neutrophil dysfunction in this setting.
Methods: Medline, Embase and PubMed were searched on the 15th of January 2021. Papers were screened by two reviewers and those included had their reference list hand searched for additional papers of interest. Inclusion criteria were adults >18 years old, with an injury severity score (ISS) >12 requiring admission to an intensive care unit. Papers that analysed major trauma patients as a subgroup were included. Results: 107 papers were screened, 48 were included in the review. Data were heterogeneous and most studies had a moderate to significant risk of bias owing to their observational nature and small sample sizes. Key findings included a persistently elevated neutrophil count, stereotyped alterations in cell-surface markers of activation and the elaboration of heterogeneous and immunosuppressive populations of cells in the circulation. Some of these changes correlate with clinical outcomes such as MODS and secondary infection. Neutrophil phenotype remains a promising avenue for the development of predictive markers for immune dysfunction. Conclusions: Understanding of neutrophil phenotypes after traumatic injury is expanding. A greater emphasis on incorporating functional and clinically significant markers, greater uniformity in study design and assessment of extravasated neutrophils may facilitate risk stratification in patients affected by major trauma. Key words: Neutrophils; Multiple trauma; Shock; Inflammation; Systemic inflammatory response syndrome; Intensive care units