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Shunu Baatar


Type

Video

Change log

Authors

Bulag, Uradyn E. 
Fuerwa, Dorjraa 

Abstract

The tale of the hero Shunu Baatar has been woven into the Oirat narrative since the time of Har Hulan Taij, Baibavgas Noyan. As the Jungar Khanate sought to expand its influence in Central Asia, the Öölds, the central body of the Jungar, aimed to extend their power westward into the Torghut’s territory in the Volga region. Baibavgas Noyan, in his strategic pursuit, dispatched a delegation of his five hero generals, with Jav at the forefront, to spy on and assess the capabilities of the Torghuts. Jav, a knowledgeable general, meticulously observed everything as requested by his master, harbouring concerns about the potential brutality that would unfold when the two powers clashed. Based on his assessment of the Torghuts’ military prowess, he foresaw the difficulty of conquering them even with a force of a hundred thousand soldiers. In his report, he highlighted that although the Torghuts may have fewer soldiers than the Öölds, they have more heroes. Engaging in war would cost a significant number of lives, with losses estimated to be at least seventy thousand soldiers. Considering this situation, Jav not only established a close friendship with Torghut leaders during his visit, but also developed an idea that could divert the two powers from war in the future. His vision for peace was articulated in his report to Baibavgas Noyan upon his return. “Dear Noyan, while our side may triumph if we attack the Torghuts with a hundred thousand troops, initiating such war would weaken both powers, proving detrimental to our long-term strategy. Instead, I propose the idea of a union through marriage, perhaps with one of the twin daughters of Torghuts Khan Ayukh. This alliance could bridge Ööld and Torghut powers, creating a stronger league that benefits both sides.” Convinced by both Jav’s ideas of the alliance and the attraction of Ayukh’s daughter, sixty-year-old Ööld leader Baibavgas married seventeen-year-old Seterjav. Thanks to Jav’s strong influence, both sides made the right decision, connecting the Volga region and Jungar region in many ways. This strategic marriage ensured peace for more than ten years, during which Baibavgas and Seterjav welcomed two daughters and a son, Shunai Baatar. However, despite the apparent tranquillity, the two powers failed to foster a deeper relationship following the marriage. About ten years later, Ayuka Khan sent a delegation to the Jungar region in order to gain insight into his daughter’s new surroundings. The team, led by Yaamen, Ayukha’s younger brother, comprised various skilled members such as archer, and experts in swordsmanship and whipping, taking precautions to protect themselves from potential enemies during their journey. The Öölds, related to Torghuts through marriage in this case, showed remarkable hospitality during their journey in the Jungar area. They organized a Naadam festival where representatives from both sides participated. Alongside the typical Mongolian Naadam sports of wrestling, horse racing, and archery, they engaged in two additional games: sword sharpening and whipping skill. The Torghut participants showcased exceptional prowess in sword sharpening, so that they could cut straws with smooth precision akin to a razor. In the whip skills competition, the Torghuts outperformed the Öölds, escalating the tension of competition into friction and animosity. Consequently, the humiliated Öölds contemplated an assassination plot against the Torghut delegation during their return journey. Sensing the looming tension and the planned threat, Ööld general Jav discreetly shared the information with one of Seterjav’s daughters who, then, passed it on incode to the Torghut delegation with a specially curated meal. The meal was sheep ankle bone meat, known as “Shagait Chimeg,” arranged in a unique shape with the ankle bone was placed middle of a dish, surrounded by a circle of deboned meat. Observing this shape of the meal, the Torghuts grasped the situation and discreetly warned one another, planning an escape from the impending trap. The following morning, Yaaman conversed with Har Hulan about his team’s desire to go on a hunt in Tenger Mountain before returning to the Volga region. Aware of Har Hulan’s intentions, Yaaman intentionally suggested that he should remain at the camp, awaiting their return from the hunt. With Yaaman at the base camp, Har Hulan dispatched fifteen soldiers to accompany other Torghuts, pretending it is for their protection from external threats. The Torghuts and Öölds marched through the mountain for the entire day until they finally spotted a group of wild mountain goats on a high cliff along the path to their camp. The Torghuts declared, “We have never returned home without prey in our lives, others will mock us if we go back empty-handed. We will ascend the cliff to hunt these goats while you soldiers wait here”. Fortunately evading the Ööld escorts, the Torghuts successfully hunted all the goats, made stairs with their horns, traversed to the other side of the cliff, and fled to the territory of Torghut Khan. The awaiting soldiers, stayed all night without seeing them return, eventually returned to their base, supposing that the Torghuts might have fallen off the cliff with their horses. Frustrated by his failure to eliminate those Torghtus, Har Hulan sought revenge and executed his wife, Seterjav, brutely cutting her breast. Yaaman, aided by his old friend Jav, managed to break through the Ööld’s ambush by riding Jav’s horse and successfully returned to the Volga region. Har Hulan, in a fit of rage, also killed Jav as he admitted his involvement in the escape. Shunai was only three years old when this tragic incident occurred. Shortly after the event, Har Hulan’s power rapidly waned, and it further crumbled at the hands of his three sons. Twelve years later, fifteen-year-old Shunai reached the age where he could inherit Har Hulan’s seat, but regaining the lost power proved impossible. In the face of this threat, Shunai’s sister once again assisted him during a dinner, singing a traditional Mongolian long song, Urtin Duu. The lyrics of the song are as follows: Zadin tsagan ülend zairin shiliv togtodog Zabdaj baih nutugin alikh aalin medev ta? Huruvchin chin ülend hur möndörin togtodog Horloj baigsan nutugin alikh aalin medev ta? Tsahurin chinen ülend tsasun möndorni asharana Tsaligij baisan nutugin alikh aalin medev ta? Listening his sister’s song, Shunai discerned a clue about the planned assassination, using the excuse of needing to go out to relieve himself, he never returned, despite the Jungar Ööld’s thirty thousand troops searching the region. Mounted on his Gunan Jeerd horse, Shunai escaped to his maternal relatives, the Torghuts of the Volga region. Following the successfully escape from Jungar' territory, Shunai also composed and sang a song that is still remembered by Oirats today. Gunan zeerdchin namarjagaa temtseed odwu Guljin bichhan Shunai chin nagts nara temtsed orogvu Dönen zeerdinchin shanhug döröö talaa tsohidag, Dörtin bichhan shunai chin nagts nara temtsed orgovu A song celebrating Shunai’s arrival in the Torghut territory is also worth mentioning, as it was composed by one of his sisters upon hearing the good news. Beh altan beeletei bile bi Beh torgon sanjirag tai bile bi Tiim saihan nachin shonhorig Nised hurseniig sonoslo bi Töörei altan tamagtai bile bi Torgon nooson saldaragatai bile bi Tiim saihan nachin shonhorig Olod avsaniig sonoslo bi Üür altan tamagtai bile bi Üzsen hund üngen ücheer shagnalai bi Üzsengui hund ünen yiser torgola bi. Shunai also composed a song to inform his sisters that he was safe after successfully arriving at his maternal relatives. The main meaning of the song is, ‘My Gunan zeerd horse broke through the unbreakable hills. I am no longer the small Guljin Shunai because I crossed over Ööld’s thirty thousand troops on the way to the Volga.

Description

Keywords

Shunuu Baatar, Torghut, Khoshut

Is Part Of

Publisher

Kalmyk Cultural Heritage Documentation Project, University of Cambridge

Publisher DOI

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Sponsorship
Sponsored by Arcadia Fund, a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.