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The Revival of Epic Jangar in Xinjiang


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Authors

Bulag, Uradyn E. 
Fuerwa, Dorjraa 

Abstract

Batai, born in 1967 in Tabilhat village, Khar Us, is an Epic Jangar singer renowned not only in Xinjiang but globally for his repertoire of over 70 chapters of Jangar, the highest number recorded historically. Initially, Batai learned 7 to 8 chapters from his foster parents before memorising a further 11 from another local elder, Burdin Öljein Habchai. His biological father, a distinguished Buddhist lama, passed away early during the Cultural Revolution. In 2009, the Association of Epic Jangar was formed in Khar Us to identify individuals knowledgeable about Epic Jangar. As Batai recounts in the video, he performed Epic Jangar at a cultural event attended by scholars from across China. Despite his claims of mastering over 20 chapters, some scholars were sceptical of his abilities, with a few accusing him of deceit. At that time, no one could perform more than 20 chapters — Juunai from Hobogsair, a noted singer, had only managed 12. Subsequently, Jamtsa, a professor at Xinjiang University, invited Batai to perform, during which he sang 12 chapters over five days, a feat unmatched then. However, during compilation, a Kazakh scholar unfortunately jumbled the chapters, rendering them indistinguishable. Following this, Damrenjav, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing, recorded 25 chapters from Batai at his home. In 2017, Batai sang 3 chapters for Kalmyk scholars, and later, Tse Bat from Xinjiang University documented 45 chapters from him. Traditionally, Epic Jangar singers were prohibited from disclosing the number of chapters they knew prior to performing and were expected to complete any chapter they began. However, Batai's parents advised that Jangar singers should perform freely to accumulate good fortune. Contrary to the monsters depicted in the Jangar narratives, they believed that singing Jangar would please the natural world. Unfortunately, during the Cultural Revolution, Jangar singers were persecuted by the Red Guards, who extracted their teeth under the accusation of lying to the public. This deterred Batai from singing until 2008 when he saw Juunai from Hobogsair perform publicly and even abroad in Japan. Inspired, Batai acquired a book containing 70 chapters and memorised them all. In 2022, he was invited by a social science publisher in Ulaanhad, Inner Mongolia, where he was permitted to perform only 56 chapters over 15 days, totalling 85 hours. He plans to sing the remaining chapters and set a new Guinness World Record. From personal experience, Batai's longest continuous singing session lasted five hours.

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Keywords

Torghuts, Khar Us, Epic Jangar, Cultural Revival, collection

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Publisher

Kalmyk Cultural Heritage Documentation Project, University of Cambridge

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Sponsorship
Sponsored by Arcadia Fund, a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.