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Contribution of cod liver oil-related nutrients (vitamins A, D, E and eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) to daily nutrient intake and their associations with plasma concentrations in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort.


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Authors

Lentjes, MAH 
Mulligan, AA 
Welch, AA 
Bhaniani, A 
Luben, RN 

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Total nutrient intake (TNI) is intake from food and supplements. This provides an assessment of nutrient adequacy and the prevalence of excessive intake, as well as the response with respect to biomarkers. Cod liver oil (CLO) is the most frequently consumed supplement in the UK, containing nutrients that might have varying influences on health. We calculated TNI for vitamins A, D and E, as well as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and assessed associations with the respective blood concentrations. METHODS: Seven-day diet diaries and blood samples were taken from two subsets of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk) cohort (age range 39-79 years; n = 1400 for vitamin D; n = 6656 for remaining nutrients). TNI was calculated for the subgroups: nonsupplement users, those consuming the nutrient in supplement form and those consuming a supplement without this nutrient. RESULTS: CLO-related nutrients were supplemented by 15%-33%, which approximately doubled median intakes. Almost everyone in the supplement + vitamin A group reached the estimated average requirement; however, guideline levels were likely to be exceeded. Partial correlations between intake of vitamins A and D and biomarkers were low and modestly strengthened by the inclusion of supplement sources (correlation = 0.01-0.13). Correlations between biomarker and TNI of vitamin E and EPA+DHA were in the range 0.40-0.46; however, vitamin E exceeding food intake resulted in attenuated coefficients. Linear associations between food or TNI EPA+DHA and plasma were weak but consistent across subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: CLO-related nutrients contribute substantially to nutrient intake, with a risk of over-consumption. Apart from EPA+DHA, biomarker data suggest that CLO-related nutrients in supplements are not linearly associated with vitamin status.

Description

Keywords

biomarkers, cohort study, dietary assessment, dietary supplements, total nutrient exposure, Adult, Aged, Cod Liver Oil, Cohort Studies, Diet, Dietary Supplements, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Eating, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Prospective Studies, United Kingdom, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamins

Journal Title

J Hum Nutr Diet

Conference Name

Journal ISSN

0952-3871
1365-277X

Volume Title

28

Publisher

Wiley
Sponsorship
Medical Research Council (G1000143)
Medical Research Council (G0401527)
MRC (UD99999933)
Medical Research Council (G0401527/1)
All authors report grants from Cancer Research UK and grants from the Medical Research Council (MRC) during the study.