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Comparison of Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhi and Typhimurium Reveals Typhoidal Serovar-Specific Responses to Bile.

Published version
Peer-reviewed

Type

Article

Change log

Authors

Johnson, Rebecca 
Ravenhall, Matt 
Pickard, Derek 
Byrne, Alexander 

Abstract

Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Typhimurium cause typhoid fever and gastroenteritis, respectively. A unique feature of typhoid infection is asymptomatic carriage within the gallbladder, which is linked with S Typhi transmission. Despite this, S Typhi responses to bile have been poorly studied. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) of S Typhi Ty2 and a clinical S Typhi isolate belonging to the globally dominant H58 lineage (strain 129-0238), as well as S Typhimurium 14028, revealed that 249, 389, and 453 genes, respectively, were differentially expressed in the presence of 3% bile compared to control cultures lacking bile. fad genes, the actP-acs operon, and putative sialic acid uptake and metabolism genes (t1787 to t1790) were upregulated in all strains following bile exposure, which may represent adaptation to the small intestine environment. Genes within the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1), those encoding a type IIII secretion system (T3SS), and motility genes were significantly upregulated in both S Typhi strains in bile but downregulated in S Typhimurium. Western blots of the SPI-1 proteins SipC, SipD, SopB, and SopE validated the gene expression data. Consistent with this, bile significantly increased S Typhi HeLa cell invasion, while S Typhimurium invasion was significantly repressed. Protein stability assays demonstrated that in S Typhi the half-life of HilD, the dominant regulator of SPI-1, is three times longer in the presence of bile; this increase in stability was independent of the acetyltransferase Pat. Overall, we found that S Typhi exhibits a specific response to bile, especially with regard to virulence gene expression, which could impact pathogenesis and transmission.

Description

Keywords

H58 clade, RNA-Seq, SPI-1 regulation, bile responses, cell invasion, typhoid fever, Bacterial Proteins, Bile, Genomic Islands, HeLa Cells, Humans, Salmonella Infections, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Serogroup, Species Specificity, Typhoid Fever

Journal Title

Infect Immun

Conference Name

Journal ISSN

0019-9567
1098-5522

Volume Title

86

Publisher

American Society for Microbiology
Sponsorship
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (via University of Oxford) (R46783/CN002 HNR00651)