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Coming of age: the artificial pancreas for type 1 diabetes.

Published version
Peer-reviewed

Change log

Authors

Thabit, Hood 

Abstract

The artificial pancreas (closed-loop system) addresses the unmet clinical need for improved glucose control whilst reducing the burden of diabetes self-care in type 1 diabetes. Glucose-responsive insulin delivery above and below a preset insulin amount informed by sensor glucose readings differentiates closed-loop systems from conventional, threshold-suspend and predictive-suspend insulin pump therapy. Insulin requirements in type 1 diabetes can vary between one-third-threefold on a daily basis. Closed-loop systems accommodate these variations and mitigate the risk of hypoglycaemia associated with tight glucose control. In this review we focus on the progress being made in the development and evaluation of closed-loop systems in outpatient settings. Randomised transitional studies have shown feasibility and efficacy of closed-loop systems under supervision or remote monitoring. Closed-loop application during free-living, unsupervised conditions by children, adolescents and adults compared with sensor-augmented pumps have shown improved glucose outcomes, reduced hypoglycaemia and positive user acceptance. Innovative approaches to enhance closed-loop performance are discussed and we also present the outlook and strategies used to ease clinical adoption of closed-loop systems.

Description

Keywords

Artificial pancreas, Closed-loop system, Continuous glucose monitor, Control algorithm, Insulin pump, Review, Type 1 diabetes, Algorithms, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Humans, Insulin, Pancreas, Artificial

Journal Title

Diabetologia

Conference Name

Journal ISSN

0012-186X
1432-0428

Volume Title

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Sponsorship
Medical Research Council (MC_PC_12012)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (UC4DK108520)
Diabetes UK (None)
Diabetes UK (14/0004878)
NIHR Evaluation Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre (14/23/09)
Supported by National Institute of Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation National Institute for Health Research (#14/23/09), The Leona M. & Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (#2016PG-T1D045), JDRF (#2-SRA-2014-256-M-R), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1UC4DK108520-01), and Diabetes UK (#14/0004878).