Fish consumption and frying of fish in relation to type 2 diabetes incidence: a prospective cohort study of Swedish men.

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Authors
Wallin, Alice 
Di Giuseppe, Daniela 
Orsini, Nicola 
Åkesson, Agneta 
Forouhi, Nita G 
Abstract

PURPOSE: Epidemiological evidence on the association between fish consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes is heterogeneous across geographical regions. Differences related to fish consumption pattern could possibly help explain the discrepancy between the findings. We therefore aimed to investigate the association between fish consumption (total, fried, specific fish items) and type 2 diabetes incidence, taking exposure to contaminants present in fish (polychlorinated biphenyls and methyl mercury) into consideration. METHODS: The population-based Cohort of Swedish Men, including 35,583 men aged 45-79 years, was followed from 1998 to 2012. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: During 15 years of follow-up, 3624 incident cases were identified. Total fish consumption (≥4 servings/week vs. <1 serving/week) was not associated with type 2 diabetes in multivariable-adjusted analysis (HR 1.00; 95 % CI 0.85-1.18); however, a statistically non-significant inverse association was observed after adjustment for dietary contaminant exposures (HR 0.79; 95 % CI 0.60-1.04). Fried fish (≥6 servings/month vs. ≤1 servings/month) and shellfish consumption (≥1 serving/week vs. never/seldom) were associated with HRs of 1.14 (95 % CI 1.03-1.31) and 1.21 (95 % CI 1.07-1.36), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We observed no overall association between total fish consumption and type 2 diabetes. The results indicated that dietary contaminants in fish may influence the relationship. Fried fish and shellfish consumption were associated with higher type 2 diabetes incidence. These findings suggest that more specific advice on fish species sub-types (varying in contamination) and preparation methods may be warranted.

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Keywords
Cohort study, Fish, Fried foods, Methyl mercury, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Type 2 diabetes, Aged, Animals, Cohort Studies, Cooking, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Healthy, Diet, High-Fat, Fishes, Follow-Up Studies, Food Contamination, Humans, Incidence, Male, Methylmercury Compounds, Middle Aged, Patient Compliance, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Proportional Hazards Models, Prospective Studies, Registries, Seafood, Shellfish, Sweden, Water Pollutants
Journal Title
Eur J Nutr
Conference Name
Journal ISSN
1436-6207
1436-6215
Volume Title
56
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Sponsorship
Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12015/5)
This work was supported by research grants from the Swedish Research Council/Committee for Research Infrastructure for maintenance of the Cohort of Swedish Men, from the Karolinska Institutet's Award for PhD students (KID-funding) and from the Karolinska Institutet's Distinguished Professor Award. NGF acknowledges core support from the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_12015/5).