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Evolution of enhanced innate immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2.

Published version
Peer-reviewed

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Authors

Bouhaddou, Mehdi 
Reuschl, Ann-Kathrin 
Zuliani-Alvarez, Lorena 

Abstract

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern suggests viral adaptation to enhance human-to-human transmission1,2. Although much effort has focused on the characterization of changes in the spike protein in variants of concern, mutations outside of spike are likely to contribute to adaptation. Here, using unbiased abundance proteomics, phosphoproteomics, RNA sequencing and viral replication assays, we show that isolates of the Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant3 suppress innate immune responses in airway epithelial cells more effectively than first-wave isolates. We found that the Alpha variant has markedly increased subgenomic RNA and protein levels of the nucleocapsid protein (N), Orf9b and Orf6-all known innate immune antagonists. Expression of Orf9b alone suppressed the innate immune response through interaction with TOM70, a mitochondrial protein that is required for activation of the RNA-sensing adaptor MAVS. Moreover, the activity of Orf9b and its association with TOM70 was regulated by phosphorylation. We propose that more effective innate immune suppression, through enhanced expression of specific viral antagonist proteins, increases the likelihood of successful transmission of the Alpha variant, and may increase in vivo replication and duration of infection4. The importance of mutations outside the spike coding region in the adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 to humans is underscored by the observation that similar mutations exist in the N and Orf9b regulatory regions of the Delta and Omicron variants.

Description

Keywords

COVID-19, Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins, Evolution, Molecular, Humans, Immune Evasion, Immunity, Innate, Interferons, Mitochondrial Precursor Protein Import Complex Proteins, Phosphoproteins, Phosphorylation, Proteomics, RNA, Viral, RNA-Seq, SARS-CoV-2

Journal Title

Nature

Conference Name

Journal ISSN

0028-0836
1476-4687

Volume Title

602

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Sponsorship
Wellcome Trust (097997/Z/11/Z)
Wellcome Trust (097997/Z/11/A)
National Institutes of Health (NIH) (via Mount Sinai School of Medicine (MSSM)) (HHSN272201400008C)
Wellcome Trust (207498/Z/17/Z)
MRC (via Imperial College London) (MR/W005611/1)