The Politics of Numbers: Statistical Fairness, Market Justice and the ‘inclusion’ of First Nations people in Australian Universities

Abstract

In the country now known as Australia, First Nations peoples’ participation in higher education has gained increasing policy attention since the introduction of the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education Policy (NATSIEP) in 1989. The main focus of this policy, and allied research, has been on Indigenous peoples’ rates of access, retention and completion (ARC) in Australian universities. This research takes a different point of departure. It situates Indigenous peoples’ inclusion in higher education over this period within a wider contemporary political and socio-economic landscape which has broadly been framed by neoliberalism as a political project. In short, I ask: what is it that Indigenous students have access to, and does it provide a promising avenue for social justice? Guiding this project, from a methodological and ethical stance, is Indigenous Standpoint Theory, the Cultural Interface (Nakata 2007) and Critical Indigenous Studies. I also engage with critical statistical studies, critical policy studies on governing, and social justice theories. To answer the research question above, I added an additional set of questions to probe what has occurred for Indigenous student participation since the introduction of NATSIEP? First, what do the statistics on Indigenous peoples’ participation in university tell us? Second, what are the main policy (especially funding) mechanisms influencing universities and how do these impact Indigenous peoples’ participation in Australian universities? Third, how might we assess these policies, their priorities, and the story that the data tells us from a social justice point of view? The thesis draws on multiple methods and sources, including the careful analysis of government statistics, official government reports and interviews with senior Indigenous leaders in universities. The findings reveal, first, that much of the data that is reported over time, pertaining to Indigenous student inclusion in Australian universities is incomplete and that the underpinning assumptions shift with politics. Moreover, further scrutiny reveals a story of declining rates of Indigenous students ARC, relative to the overall cohort of students in Australian universities. Secondly, that there is inequality between universities. Indigenous students have access to very different experiences and resources depending on the university, with the top universities using the institutional finances as augmenting rather than the main source of funds. Thirdly, that the funding mechanisms aimed to include Indigenous students are insufficient and many Indigenous students leave university without a degree but with a debt. I use different framings of social justice – from Fourcade’s (2017) concept of ‘statistical fairness’ to Streeck’s (2014) ‘market justice’, to argue that neither of these are an adequate account of social justice for Indigenous peoples. I call into question the current inclusion agenda and argue that it is a mere hollow, performative agenda, that has neglected to adequately attend to the stolen land Australian universities are built on. Instead, I argue that reparative justice is needed, not only to attend to the past but also anchored in the future. I offer recommendations regarding what this might look like in policy. Further research is needed on how we, as Indigenous people, centre our own agendas in the university that are based on principles of self-determination.