Ectogenesis, the Value of Pregnancy, and Gender Inequality

Abstract

Human ectogenesis refers to the complete gestation of human offspring from conception to babyhood within an artificial womb. This thesis defends ectogenesis as a morally justifiable part of comprehensive strategies to better address gender inequality. This thesis first examines three types of concerns raised by critics regarding the value of pregnancy. The first concern is that the defence of ectogenesis pathologises pregnancy. I situate pregnancy within prominent accounts of pathology, showing that it is not misleading to conceptualise pregnancy as pathological, and I justify a narrative that highlights its pathological aspects within a pro-natalist era. The second concern is that ectogenesis might pressure those who prefer natural pregnancy into adopting it against their wishes, thereby infringing upon their reproductive autonomy. I address this concern through liberal and adaptive preference frameworks, arguing that the potential for these pressures does not undermine the legitimacy of ectogenesis, and that many women’s preferences for natural gestation are likely shaped by structural injustices. The third concern is that ectogenesis might negatively affect mother–child bonding. I challenge this with empirical evidence and insights from evolutionary perspectives, advocating for openness to changing forms of parental bonding. I then challenge the assumptions about the strong link between the roots of gender inequality and the moral desirability of ectogenesis. I point out that whether attributing gender inequality to gestational differences between the sexes or to societal constructs, both imply improper interactions between social and biological factors; each can provide an initial rather than a conclusive defence of ectogenesis. Finally, I support ectogenesis as a means to enhance opportunities for addressing gender disparities in reproductive health, labour division, gender norms, and parenting. I argue that incorporating ectogenesis into strategies offers better chances for achieving gender equality than measures suggested by critics.