This study represents the first comprehensive academic exploration of the transformation of the English and Welsh leather economy from predominantly small-scale localised economy, striving to meet local leather demands, into a modern industrialised sector. Sometime between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, prior to the widespread use of modern chrome tanning techniques, this industry developed the capacity to fulfil the burgeoning needs of a rapidly growing populace with a diverse range of leathers and leather wares. Eventually, it generated a sufficient surplus to enable active participation and considerable success in the global leather trade. Beginning with the sourcing of hides and skins, this research offers a comprehensive examination of each pivotal phase of leather production, reviewing the availability of hides and skins and the expansion of international trade in raw materials, the creation of novel domestic and foreign leathers, total domestic leather output, improving technologies, the intricate legal history governing the leather industry, among other important facets. Moreover, it culminates in a detailed analysis of the various professions that made up the wider leather economy.