Javin Purvei was born in 1943 at Salhit pasture and has spent his entire life herding livestock. Traditionally, most herders in Khar Us were relatively poor, with the exception of three wealthy families: Gendei, Shondai, and Eeelei. The majority of families, being impoverished, served these affluent households to obtain food and sustain themselves. In my youth, my father, who owned only one horse, would haul a pine tree back from the mountains using the horse and trade it with wealthy Uyghurs in Khar Us city for food. However, after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the government seized livestock from these wealthy families and initiated the commune system. This system allowed the government to control all private resources, including livestock. Tost village was incorporated into the Xiangdong Dadui commune and, shortly before its merger into the Xidagou commune, government officials designated four households to exclusively herd 2,000 sheep. These sheep, originally confiscated from herders, were now privately owned by government officials under the guise of commune property, and I was among the selected herders at that time. As I vividly recall, commune officials frequently visited our pasture and consumed dozens of sheep under the guise of conducting Oboo rituals and other festivals. They would then falsely declare that these livestock had perished in natural disasters. Currently, Tost village comprises 18 households. Initially, four of these were allocated pasturelands when the privatisation policy was implemented, hence they possess fifty-year national-level government-issued pastureland certifications, known as the blue colour book. The remaining households, which arrived later from other regions, were granted thirty-year regional-level certifications by Khar Us city, known as the red colour book. In recent years, Tost village has increasingly become a migration hub where herders congregate during the summer and disperse at other times for various reasons, such as accompanying their children during school terms or older generations relocating to their warm apartments in Khar Us city. Others, burdened by large bank loans they cannot repay, have left the village to seek higher incomes elsewhere. Sedentary residents, particularly from the Hui and Chinese ethnic groups, now own more livestock than Mongol or Kazakh herders. Lacking their own allocated pasturelands, they either rent pasturelands or employ herders to manage their livestock on these lands, exacerbating the already severe land degradation caused by constant climate droughts and further overstocking of pasturelands.