The Epic Jangar: A Tale of Tradition, Struggle, and Revival
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Hongor is the oldest Epic Jangar singer among the Torghuts in Khar Us. He learnt the Epic Jangar from an individual known as Mönkhbayar. Mönkhbayar was one of the noble family assistants of Wang in Khar Us, particularly in charge of curating festivals, singing Jangar, and other literary events. However, during the communal period, he was criticised and dispatched to pasturelands to herd livestock for communes. Coincidentally, one of these pastures was adjacent to Hongor’s parents' pasture, enabling him to learn the Epic Jangar from Mönkhbayar around 1964. Given that it was a time without television and the internet, Mönkhbayar often sang the Epic Jangar for neighbours privately at night, as it was banned as an evil practice. At that time, people were terrified by previous policy implementations such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. When academic figures, including Batai, Badma, and Erdeni, came to Khar Us to collect materials regarding traditional culture, people hid as much as possible to avoid further entanglement with politics. In subsequent years, more people became involved in traditional culture, singing the Epic Jangar on radio, gradually making the public aware that they could openly share their knowledge with journalists or scholars. Around 1978, Jamtsa, a researcher at Xinjiang University, organised an Epic Jangar conference at Hobogsair Mongolian Autonomous County and invited most of the Epic Jangar singers across Xinjiang. Through the conference, Hobogsair was officially designated as the home of the Epic Jangar and dominated the field for the following decades. In contrast, Epic Jangar singers in Khar Us were somewhat neglected, even though they were the same groups of people in different regions with the same traditions. Since about 1997, the situation has progressively improved, and Jangar singers from all regions in Xinjiang have been constantly invited to Jangar conferences or other events to perform Jangar. On one occasion, they even visited Bulgan province in Mongolia to perform Jangar. Hongor claims in the interview that, “In my understanding, the Epic Jangar is a historical narrative promoting love for mother nature, equality without ethnic or national conflicts, helping the poor and disabled community, vigorously fighting against demons to protect our hometown and its inhabitants, and striving for a peaceful life.