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Mongolian Names of the Jungar Region: Insights from Rare Maps and Historical Sources


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Authors

Bulag, Uradyn E. 
Fuerwa, Dorjraa 

Abstract

This video focuses on Münkhee’s academic work on the Oirats in Xinjiang. Drawing from two rare maps and various historical materials, his book offers a comprehensive exploration of nomenclature in the region, including mountains, rivers, lakes, and plains. The genesis of this endeavour traces back to the Jungar-Qing war, where Qing officials meticulously recorded their routes to Xinjiang in 1762. These records, coupled with the detailed drawings produced during this period, served as foundational sources for Münkhee's research. Additionally, Münkhee referenced Liu Guozong and Mingat’s “Illustrated Record of the Western Territory”, a valuable resource showcasing the topography of the region. Following the publication of his book, Münkhee collaborated with the Inner Mongolian Academy of Social Science to revise and update the Mongolian online map, “Onon map”. By aligning the map with historical sources, he provided accurate representations of locations and names, enriching people’s understanding of the region’s historical geography. In his third book, Münkhee delved into the historical military stations of Xinjiang, established by the Qing government to quell military revolts in the region. Drawing from historical records and maps, he meticulously documented the establishment and evolution of these military outposts. Moreover, his research sheds light on the provincialisation of Xinjiang in 1884 under Zuo Zongtang’s leadership. This pivotal moment in history saw the centre of Xinjiang shift from Ili to Urumchi, accompanied by significant administrative changes. Through these endeavours, Mükhee said, “I aim to elucidate the Mongolian names of the Jungar region, providing insights into unexplored historical names and fostering a deeper understanding of the rich Mongolian cultural heritage of the region.” Kazakhs had never appeared on the eastern side of Lake Balkhash before 1840, but they suddenly migrated into the region towards Xinjiang due to pressure from Tsarist Russia in the west. During this period, the Qing Empire had not established the western border of Xinjiang, despite having conquered the Jungar Khanates, and tacitly considered all the land of the Jungar to be theirs. However, two decades later, the Dungan revolt erupted in Xinjiang and when the Qing Empire managed to suppress the Huis in southern Xinjiang, Tsarist Russia controlled much of the territory west to the Ili and Altai regions. The Mongolian names of these regions have changed due to historical events. Additionally, following the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese construction corps began extensive operations in Xinjiang, resulting in the renaming of places with Chinese names. Between 1978 and 1983, the Xinjiang government undertook a project to register the names of places in Xinjiang. During this initiative, various nationalities renamed their residential areas using their respective languages, often omitting their Mongolian historical names.

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Keywords

Jungar Region, Historical Accounts, Historical Maps, Mongol Names, Historical Events

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Publisher

Kalmyk Cultural Heritage Documentation Project, University of Cambridge

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Sponsorship
Sponsored by Arcadia Fund, a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.