This thesis contributes towards understanding of mechanical response of 3D composites and ceramics. Composite materials have widespread applications ranging from aerospace, civil sectors to sports and drones. One important application is in composite armours where composites and ceramic layers are used together. Therefore, it is important to study the mechanical response of these components to develop better armour systems. The first part of this thesis concerns with dynamic penetration response of confined ceramic targets. In the second part, mechanics of a novel 3D composite consisting of orthogonal carbon fibre tows is studied. The dynamic penetration of ceramic target by a long-rod projectile is studied using a mechanism based ceramic constitutive model. This is to capture and explain the essential physics observed during penetration of a ceramic target such as dwell and structural size effect. Dwell is captured using the constitutive model and the related physics is studied along with identification of causes of dwell. Origins of structural size effect in ceramics are identified and their influences are studied. In the second part of the thesis a novel 3D composite consisting of three mutually perpendicular orthogonal tows is studied under compression, indentation and three-point bending. Under compression along low fibre volume fraction direction (Z), the 3D composite forms stable and multiple kinks in the Z tows resulting in 10% ductility. This contrasts with traditional UD or 2D composites which fail catastrophically at 2% strain. The stability in the case of the 3D composite is due to the constraint imposed by the surrounding material. Under indentation, the 3D composite has a near isotropic and ductile response. In contrast, traditional cross-ply composites show highly anisotropic response where indentation results in brittle failure along in-plane direction. Under three-point bending, the response was ductile in Z-direction and brittle in other two directions. Overall, the 3D composite studied in this thesis shows improvement over traditional CFRPs in ductility and energy absorption capability. The 3D composite has been demonstrated to have smooth load-displacement curves reminiscent to indentation of metal in all three directions achieved at densities significantly lower than structural metals that display equivalent ductility. Thus, these 3D composites are strong candidates for applications where loading direction is unknown a-priori, and where high energy absorption is required along with reusability of the material.